Purpose  Look at similarities and differences  Could look just at similarities  Could look just at differences  Test questions Ask to compare (specifically for similarities) Ask to contrast (specifically for difference) Compare and/or contrast

Prewrite  Identify the two topics  Generate ideas for similarities and differences

 Cluster Use two clusters for each subject and pull out similarities and differences Prewriting—Clustering Olive Garden Cheddar’s Restaurant At Highlands Italian Food Variety of Food

Colums for Each Subject Olive Garden  Italian theme  Italian food  Expensive  At Highlands Similarities  Restaurant s  Similar clientele  Have bars  Hours of operation Prewrite—Brainstorm Columns for Similarities and Differences Cheddar’s Tropical Theme Variety of food Inexpensive At Highlands Differences Theme Food Prices

Cheddars Prewrite—Venn Diagram Olive Garden Restaurants Highlands Similar Clientele Bar Area & Main seating area Similar hours of operation Italian/Tuscany theme Italian food Expensive Changing menu items (seasonal) Tropical Theme/desig n Food variety, homecooking Inexpensive Little to no changes in menu

Organization—Point-by-Point  Alternates b/t 2 subjects, going back and forth from one subject to another Apply a point to one subject, then apply point to next subject  repeat  Discuss points in same order for both subjects  Use when points are complex

Organization—Point by Point I. Introduction II. Body A. Point 1 1. Subj. A 2. Subj. B B. Point 2 1. Subj. A 2. Subj. B C. Point 3 1. Subj. A 2. Subj. B III. Conclusion I. Introduction II. Body A. Point 1—Subject A B. Point 1—Subject B C. Point 2—Subject A D. Point 2—Subject B E. Point 3—Subject A F. Point 4—Subject B III. Conclusion

Why Use Point-by-Point?  Gives a direct comparison on each point  Easier for audience to see the similarities or differences  What instructors usually prefer

Point-by-Point in Sample Essay  Support Paragraph 1 Point: morning routines ○ Boys (with specific details) ○ Girls (with specific details)  Support Paragraph 2 Point: school day experiences ○ Boys (with details) ○ Girls (with details)  Support Paragraph 3 Point: lunch experiences ○ Boys (with details) ○ Girls (with details)  Support Paragraph 4 Point: after school activities ○ Boys (with details) ○ Girls (with details)

Organization: Subject-by-Subject  Treat two subjects separately First half of body—Subject A Second half of body—Subject B  May want to include point-by-point paragraph in last body paragraph Tie in all points about both subjects Side-by-side comparison of points between subjects

Organization: Subject-by-Subject  Introduction  Body Subject A points Subject B points  Conclusion  Introduction  Body Subject A points Subject B points Point-by-point comparative summary of points for A and B  Conclusion Simple subject-by-subject gives audience a list. Audience must keep track of side by side comparison Writer provides side-by- side comparison

Coherency: Logical Order  Points for point-by-point and subject-by- subject Least important comparative point to most important point about subjects Discuss each point in same order for both subjects  Compare and contrast can be persuasive writing Might not want to end on a positive note about the subject you do not favor

Coherency: Transitions  B/t points about subjects in point-by-point paragraph  In TS of body paragraph to move points along  Types: One word (similarly, instead) Phrase (on the other hand, in comparison) Sentence (incorporate words from previous ideas)  Use words appropriate to whether you are comparing or contrasting  Page 217

Thesis Statement  Mention both subjects of comparison  Mention whether you will compare or contrast or both  Could mention specific points For example: Olive Garden and Cheddar’s are similar in the clientele they attract and the quality of employees, but they differ in terms of their menu and cost. Subjects? Compare or contrast? What points to support?

Writing and After…  Outlines help with first drafts Keep organized Visual queue that writer pertains each point to each subject and keeps in order  Revision Read essay and keep side by side list to check points Make big changes  Edit for mistakes

Checking Your Points Subject A:Subject B: Point 1: Point 2: Point 3: Point 4:

Purpose  Given a topic into which you break down into parts/categories Within categories are specifics… ○ Vehicles Personal -Cars—Honda Civic -SUVs—Jeep Liberty Industrial -Semi-trucks Mass transit -Bus -Subway School transit

When to Use  Used when asked to identify components, kinds, types, categories, parts of a whole  Examples: Psych: child development theories Science: parts of a cell, of the body HVAC: parts of a heater Culinary: types of nutrients

Organize and Develop Main Idea  Prewrite ideas and group specifics into clear and distinct categories  Draft a thesis Identify main topic Identify the categories OR an overall point about the main topic

Structure—Reflect Logical Order  Introduction  Body Support Paragraph 1: first major category ○ Explain characteristics of this category with specific examples Support paragraph 2: second major category ○ Explanation w/examples Support paragraph 3: third major category ○ Explanation w/examples  Conclusion  Introduction  Body Support Paragraph 1: minor category(ies) ○ Explain w/examples Support Paragraph 2: first MAJOR category ○ Explain w/examples Support Paragraph 3: most important category ○ Explain w/examples  Conclusion

Sample Essay (224)  Thesis?  Category 1: cars with names of places Park Avenue, Malibu, Sebring, Daytona  Category 2: cars with rough, tough, or dangerous names Wrangler, Rodeo; Cadillac, Pontiac  Category 3: cars that imply exploration, discovery LaSalle; Blazer, Explorer, Pathfinder

Review  Divide a topic into distinct categories  Organize based on groups or from minor to major categories (logical order)  Main idea: give overall idea or list of categories  Write, revise, edit

Purpose  More than a one-sentence, formal definition Formal definition: the term, class term belongs to, and explanation of what makes that term unique  Provide extended definition

Purpose  Use one or various patterns of development Narrative Exemplification Cause/effect Etc.  Use for complex or abstract terms and ideas

Prewriting Suggestions  Use focused freewriting  Use group brainstorming (talk to people!)

Thesis  Considering ideas, what overall impression has writer developed? Complex to define? Goes beyond formal definition? Presents dominant impression? Shows how something occurred?

Thesis  Include: What term you are defining Main points for each paragraph (divided thesis) OR an overall theme

Structure Various Patterns of Development One Pattern of Development  Introduction  Body Definition by narration Definition by cause and effect Definition by exemplification  Conclusion  Introduction  Body Definition by example Additional example(s) Most important example(s)  Conclusion

Coherency  Generally, follow logical order (save strongest paragraph for last)  Within paragraph patterns, follow order commonly used for each pattern i.e., time order for definition by narration i.e., spatial order for definition by description i.e., logical order for definition by argument

Coherency—Transitions  Words and phrases w/in paragraphs to move supporting sentences along  Phrases w/in topic sentences to move major points along in an essay  Use repetitive language or refer to previous concepts to tie ideas together

Sample Essay (230)  Thesis? Divided or overall message?  Support paragraph one Pattern: Compare/contrast point-by-point (non-street smart versus street smart person)  Support paragraph two Pattern: Compare/contrast subject-by- subject  Support paragraph three Pattern: exemplification

Journal  Identify similarities and differences between two jobs that you have held.  What types of courses will be most useful for your major?  What does it mean to be “successful”? Pick one topic and spend about 20 minutes writing about it. Check your work.