The Cell The basic unit of all living things 1

Robert Hooke was the first to name the cell (1665) 2

The Cell Theory The cell is the unit of Structure of all living things. The cell is the unit of Function of all living things. All cells come from Pre-existing cells. 3

A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a city work together to carry out different functions.

Cells have particular structures that perform specific jobs. These structures perform the actual work of the cell. These structures are called organelles

What is an organelle? –They are specialized microscopic structures within cells –They are contained within the cytoplasm –They have characteristic structures and functions.

Cell Structures A.Cell Wall B. Cell Membrane C.Nucleus 1.Chromatin and Chromosomes 2.Nucleolus 3.Nuclear Envelope D.Cytoskeleton E.Organelles in the Cytoplasm 1.Ribosomes 2.Endoplasmic Reticulum 3.Golgi Apparatus 4.Lysosomes 5.Vacuoles 6.Chloroplasts 7.Mitochondria

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes No nucleus Smaller and simpler Have cell membranes Have cytoplasm Ex. Bacteria No nucleus Smaller and simpler Have cell membranes Have cytoplasm Ex. Bacteria Eukaryotes Have a nucleus Larger and more complex Have organelles Single or Multi-celled Ex. Plants, Animals and Fungi Have a nucleus Larger and more complex Have organelles Single or Multi-celled Ex. Plants, Animals and Fungi

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Two Major Cell Types 4

Unicellular vs. Multicellular Unicellular (one-celled) organism Multicellular (many-celled) organisms Unicellular (one-celled) organism Multicellular (many-celled) organisms

The cells in a multicellular organism are interdependent (can not live on their own) (they depend on each other like players on a team) Cell specialization = each type of specialized cell performs separate roles or functions within the organism, Ex: red blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells,

One-celled organism is able to function despite lacking the levels of organization present in more complex organisms. They do everything you would expect a living thing to do. Ex: yeast

Unicellular organisms

ANIMAL CELL 5

PLANT CELL 6

PLANT VS. ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE: All cells are covered by a cell membrane; it regulates what comes in and goes out of the cell. Also Called the PLASMA MEMBRANE Found in both plant and animal cells CELL MEMBRANE: All cells are covered by a cell membrane; it regulates what comes in and goes out of the cell. Also Called the PLASMA MEMBRANE Found in both plant and animal cells 7

Cell Membrane also called the Plasma Membrane 8

CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm – jelly like substance that fills cells ; made of mostly water; holds the organelles Found in plant and animal cells Cytoplasm – jelly like substance that fills cells ; made of mostly water; holds the organelles Found in plant and animal cells 9

NUCLEUS Nucleus – contains the cell’s DNA and is the control center of the cell Found in both plant and animal cells. Nucleus – contains the cell’s DNA and is the control center of the cell Found in both plant and animal cells. 10

RIBOSOME Ribosome – the site where amino acids are hooked together to make proteins This is the site of Protein Synthesis Found in both plant and animal cells 11

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - found in both plants and animals System of Channels that transport proteins in a cell. Some reactions take place on the surface Two types Rough-with Ribosomes on them and Smooth- no ribosomes on them System of Channels that transport proteins in a cell. Some reactions take place on the surface Two types Rough-with Ribosomes on them and Smooth- no ribosomes on them 12

GOLGI BODIES Responsible for labeling, sorting and packaging chemicals (proteins) and secreting (releasing) them from the cell 13

VACUOLES Vacuoles – store water and other materials Found in both plant and animal cells Plants have very large vacuoles. Animals have small vacuoles Vacuoles – store water and other materials Found in both plant and animal cells Plants have very large vacuoles. Animals have small vacuoles 14

Food Vacuole 15

LYSOSOME Lysosomes – digest food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign invaders. They have such powerful enzymes they can destroy a whole cell. Example: Tadpole’s tail. Found in animal cells Lysosomes – digest food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign invaders. They have such powerful enzymes they can destroy a whole cell. Example: Tadpole’s tail. Found in animal cells 16

Mitochondria – Makes Energy for Cell. Energy is also called ATP Site of Cellular Respiration It takes in oxygen and glucose and releases Carbon dioxide, water and ATP Found in both plant and animal cells. 17

Some Organelles are only found in Plant Cells Do you know which ones? 18

CELL WALL Cell Wall – the cell wall gives structure and support to the cell membrane. Only found in plant cells Cell Wall – the cell wall gives structure and support to the cell membrane. Only found in plant cells 19

CHLOROPLASTS All plant cells contain Chloroplasts. They are the organelle responsible for _photosynthesis _ which uses the sun to make glucose(sugar). Chloroplasts are green due to a pigment called chlorophyll. Only found in plant cells All plant cells contain Chloroplasts. They are the organelle responsible for _photosynthesis _ which uses the sun to make glucose(sugar). Chloroplasts are green due to a pigment called chlorophyll. Only found in plant cells 20

There is one organelle found only in Animal Cells…. Can you name it?

The Centrioles These are necessary for Animal cell Division. Plants manage without them. 21

COMPARISON OF ORGANELLES TO ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANELLEORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM NUCLEUSBRAIN NERVOUS SYSTEM CELL MEMBRANE LUNGSRESPIRATOR Y SYSTEM LYSOSOMESTOMACHDIGESTIVE SYSTEM CELL MEMBRANE KIDNEYEXCRETORY SYSTEM 23

Cheek Cells

LINKING HOW ORGANELLES WORK TOGETHER NUCLEUS CONTROLS THE RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY RIBOSOMES CELL MEMBRANE REGULATES THE PASSAGE OF OXYGEN INTO THE CELL TO BE USED BY MITOCHONDRIA AFTER A LYSOSOME DIGESTS OLD ORGANELLES THE CELL MEMBRANE RELEASES THEM OUT OF THE CELL THE GOLGI BODY PRODUCES LYSOSOMES WHICH ARE USED TO DIGEST BACTERIA NUCLEUS CONTROLS THE RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY RIBOSOMES CELL MEMBRANE REGULATES THE PASSAGE OF OXYGEN INTO THE CELL TO BE USED BY MITOCHONDRIA AFTER A LYSOSOME DIGESTS OLD ORGANELLES THE CELL MEMBRANE RELEASES THEM OUT OF THE CELL THE GOLGI BODY PRODUCES LYSOSOMES WHICH ARE USED TO DIGEST BACTERIA 24

WRAP UP 1.HEREDITARY INFORMATION IS STORED INSIDE THE: A. RIBOSOMES B. NUCLEUS, C. MITOCHONDRIA 1.HEREDITARY INFORMATION IS STORED INSIDE THE: A. RIBOSOMES B. NUCLEUS, C. MITOCHONDRIA 25

WRAP UP 2. DIAGRAM TO THE RIGHT REPRESENTS: A. A CHLOROPLAST CARRYING OUT RESPIRATION B. A LYSOSOME CARRYING OUT PHAGOCYTOSIS C. A MITOCHONDRIA CARRYING OUT RESPIRATION 2. DIAGRAM TO THE RIGHT REPRESENTS: A. A CHLOROPLAST CARRYING OUT RESPIRATION B. A LYSOSOME CARRYING OUT PHAGOCYTOSIS C. A MITOCHONDRIA CARRYING OUT RESPIRATION 26

WRAP UP 3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION FOR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN BODY FROM LEAST COMPLEX TO MOST COMPLEX ARE: A. CELLS-->TISSUES-->ORGANS-- >SYSTEMS B. SYSTEMS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES-- >CELLS C. CELLS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES-- >SYSTEMS 3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION FOR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN BODY FROM LEAST COMPLEX TO MOST COMPLEX ARE: A. CELLS-->TISSUES-->ORGANS-- >SYSTEMS B. SYSTEMS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES-- >CELLS C. CELLS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES-- >SYSTEMS 27

WRAP UP 4. STUDIES OF FAT CELLS AND THYROID CELLS SHOW THAT FAT CELLS HAVE FEWER MITOCHONDRIA THAN THYROID CELLS. A BIOLOGIST WOULD MOST LIKELY INFER THAT FAT TISSUE: A. HAS ENERGY REQIREMENTS EQUAL TO THOSE OF THYROID TISSUE B. REQUIRES LESS ENERGY THAN THYROID TISSUE C. REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN THYROID TISSUE 4. STUDIES OF FAT CELLS AND THYROID CELLS SHOW THAT FAT CELLS HAVE FEWER MITOCHONDRIA THAN THYROID CELLS. A BIOLOGIST WOULD MOST LIKELY INFER THAT FAT TISSUE: A. HAS ENERGY REQIREMENTS EQUAL TO THOSE OF THYROID TISSUE B. REQUIRES LESS ENERGY THAN THYROID TISSUE C. REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN THYROID TISSUE 28

The movement of molecules across a membrane without the input of energy is known as passive transport. When Energy (ATP) is needed, the movement is known as active transport. Passive Transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Cell Transport Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area where there is a higher concentration (large r amount) of the substance to an area where there is a lower concentration (lower amount) of the substance Passive Transport --Diffusion

Active Transport During active transport, molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. This is the opposite of diffusion, and these molecules are said to flow against their concentration gradient. Active transport is called "active" because this type of transport requires energy to move molecules. ATP is the most common source of energy for active transport.

Most cell division produces genetically identical cells, meaning they have the same DNA. The process of mitosis, which specifically is the division of the nucleus, ensures that each cell has the same DNA.DNA

A special form of cell division, called meiosis, produces cells with half as much DNA as the parent cell. These cells are used for reproduction. In prokaryotic organisms, cell division is how those organisms reproduce.

Where's the instructions? How do your cells know what to do? Just like builders have blueprints to tell them how to build a house, your cells also have instructions. Your cells' instructions are molecules of DNA.

What is DNA? DNA is the material that makes up our chromosomes and stores our genetic information

The genetic information is a set of instructions that tell your cells what to do.