Xenophobia The Red Scare ( ) – fear of the Communist Revolution in Russia spreading leads to the jailing and deportation of Anarchist, Communists and Socialists- “Soviet Ark” The Red Scare ( ) – fear of the Communist Revolution in Russia spreading leads to the jailing and deportation of Anarchist, Communists and Socialists- “Soviet Ark” Labor Movement suffers. Labor Movement suffers. Communism considered a foreign conspiracy- Ideas were Un-American. Communism considered a foreign conspiracy- Ideas were Un-American. KKK – 1 million KKK – 1 million

Immigrants No Longer Welcome Immigrations Act of established a quota; 10% of the number of immigrants in Immigrations Act of established a quota; 10% of the number of immigrants in Immigrations Act of further restricted immigration; 2% of the number of immigrants in 1890 Immigrations Act of further restricted immigration; 2% of the number of immigrants in 1890

“Silent Cal” Restores Credibility to the Presidency Calvin Coolidge- very honest; believer in laissez-faire economics. Andrew Mellon- Secretary of the Treasury; introduces trickle-down economics- tax cuts for the rich.

Trickle Down Economics Today  Between 1990 and 2004, the bottom 90% of the US population saw its average household income increase by 2%.  It went up 57% for the top 1%.  It went up 112% for the top.01%. 90% of Americans saw a 2% increase in income

New Forms of Art & Entertainment Mass Culture  Jazz – American Art  Sports: Baseball  Radio- Vaudeville  Movies- Silent Films 1.Spreads common values, styles and tastes. 2.Creates new national heroes and stars.

1920’s Economic Boom – Roaring 20’s  Stock Market Booms – Bull Market (Bear) Buying Goods on Credit  Installment plan: pay for goods over extended period with interest  Some economists, business owners think installment buying excessive – Why?  Future? – Who cares live for today!

Revolution in Automobile Production – Assembly Line Henry Ford  Model T – Assembly Line and installment plan make the car available to most.  “When you build a factory, you build a temple.”  Materialism is the new trend.

The Lost Generation (US) - The Da Da Movement (Europe)  Main Theme: Disillusionment  F. Scott Fitzgerald: called the era the “Jazz Age”  Great Gatsby: Showed the negative side of 1920s wealth  Sinclair Lewis: Babbit; Against materialism  Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms – questions glorification of war

The Roaring 20’s The New Urban Scene 1922–1929, nearly 2 million people leave farms, towns each year 1922–1929, nearly 2 million people leave farms, towns each year Urban v. Rural - Clash of VALUES! Urban v. Rural - Clash of VALUES!

The Noble Experiment 18th Amendment (1919): supported by religious groups, Rural South, West 18th Amendment (1919): supported by religious groups, Rural South, West Prohibition: production, sale, transportation of alcohol is illegal! Prohibition: production, sale, transportation of alcohol is illegal! Volstead Act (1919) Volstead Act (1919) Problem: Government does not budget enough money to enforce the law. Problem: Government does not budget enough money to enforce the law.

Prohibition Ignored Speakeasies: hidden saloons, nightclubs – The “corner cop” Speakeasies: hidden saloons, nightclubs – The “corner cop” People distill liquor, buy prescription alcohol, “sacramental” wine People distill liquor, buy prescription alcohol, “sacramental” wine Bootlegging: illegal sale, manufacturing Bootlegging: illegal sale, manufacturing

Rise of Organized Crime Al Capone: controls Chicago liquor business by killing competitors – St Valentines Day Massacre Al Capone: controls Chicago liquor business by killing competitors – St Valentines Day Massacre Corruption at EVERY level! Corruption at EVERY level! Mid-1920s: only 19% support Prohibition Mid-1920s: only 19% support Prohibition

The Election of 1928 Herbert Hoover (R) Rural- from Iowa W.A.S.P. Dry Pro Big Business – Laissez Faire Al Smith (D) Urban- from NYC Irish-Catholic Wet Progressive- Gov’t Regulation