Classification The study of Classification of organisms into groups is called TAXONOMY.

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Presentation transcript:

Classification The study of Classification of organisms into groups is called TAXONOMY.

Why classify? It enables scientists to understand the relationships between organisms It is also a useful way of cataloguing organisms

Similarities exist between different species of organisms because of common genes. Closely related organisms have more genes in common and so share more features. Read p28 in handbook, under keywords.

The basics of a Hierarchical Classification system : Check that you have this copied onto the bottom of p28 of your HB: Organisms are divided into groups which are further subdivided into more groups. Organisms are classified on the basis of their similar or shared features. There is no overlap between the groups (ie an organism must either be a bird or a reptile, it cannot fall half way inbetween the 2).

The first idea of classification Animals Plants

Animals - ( invertebrates and….. Invertebrates do NOT have a backbone nor an internal skeleton.

vertebrates…or…….Chordates) Vertebrates DO have a backbone and an internal skeleton.

Plants Horse tail Fern

First classification

Fungi (Mushrooms, toadstools, moulds, yeasts) Honey fungus Mucor

Up to three kingdoms

Protoctists (single celled organisms with a true nucleus & seaweeds. Seaweed Euglena Volvox

This made four kingdoms:

Prokaryotes All the species of bacteria eg Cholera vibrio, Bovine tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi.

The Five Kingdoms

Where do these fit in? VirusesSponges

For AS Biology, you need to learn the latin names of the 5 kingdoms and some examples of organisms belonging to each. For A2 Biology, you need to learn the names and characteristic features of the 5 kingdoms. Summarise this information on a poster using pages 63 – 69 of the Heinemann book. Answer Q2 page 72 of the Heinemann book.

The Kingdom Hierarchical groupings: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

WITH LATIN NAMES OF ORGANISMS, THE FIRST WORD IS THE GENUS AND HAS A CAPITAL LETTER, AND THE 2 ND WORD IS THE SPECIES NAME AND HAS A LOWER CASE LETTER..

Classification is Phylogenetic This means that Classification is based on the evolutionary history of an organism. (Draw sketch of evolutionary tree with sketched time-line) The study of Classification of organisms into groups is called TAXONOMY.

Evidence for classifying organisms in different genera groups can come from…. (a) their fossil records, (b) differences in their DNA and (c) differences in their evolutionary history (phylogeny).