Oldest continuous civilization on earth More than 4,000 years Xia Dynasty: 2000 BCE Dynasty: series of rulers from the same family Dynasties ruled China until 1911

Chinese Dynasties Q’in (Chin) Dynasty – first great Chinese dynasty (200s BCE). “China” gets its current name from Q’in. Built the Great Wall to keep out barbarian invaders Shi Huang Ti was buried with 7,000 terra- cotta warriors and horses made of clay – in Xian Han Dynasty (200s CE) – culture and military expanded. Chinese people still consider themselves “Han”

End of the Dynasties Chinese always viewed themselves as the center of the world and when approached by foreigners, Chinese viewed them as inferior Contact with Europeans through the silk road... But Europeans did not reach China by sea until 1500s CE Chinese were uncomfortable with European imperialism, thought they were superior, but lost wars throughout the 19 th century Dynasties overthrown in 1911

Rise of Communist China Nationalists overthrew the Xing (Manchu) Dynasty, but were soon challenged by Mao Zedong’s communists The struggle weakened China and Japan invaded in the 1930s, taking Manchuria (a resource rich region in northern China), then taking eastern China – ultimately setting up a puppet government: gov’t controlled by outside forces After World War II, Mao’s communists defeated Nationalists to gain control of China in 1949.

Taiwan Nationalists fled to island of Taiwan; set up a dictatorship called the Republic of China (ROC) U.S. and the U.N. proclaimed the ROC to be the legitimate government of China (even though they were located in Taiwan).

Taiwan ROC was ousted from the U.N. in favor off Mao's People's Republic of China (PRC). Taiwan nevertheless became the foremost "economic tiger" of the Pacific Rim Made strides towards democracy – elections in 1996 (1 st time in Chinese history – albeit Taiwan) Taiwan is NOT independent

Mao’s China – People’s Republic of China (PRC) Communist government quickly attacked weaknesses 1.Land taken from wealthy 2.Farms collectivized 3.Dams built, using thousands of workers 4.Hunger receded 5.Health conditions improved 6.Child labor reduced

Mao’s Failures Brought in Soviet advisors Recommended industrialization – to use the income from agriculture to pay for industrialization DIDN’T WORK – increased agricultural production went to subsistence, not income – population was too big Mao expelled the Soviets

Great Leap Forward Mao further collectivized farms by putting workers on “production teams” Split families, leaving children as orphans Futility on new farms – no incentive to work hard, chaos from family separation Widespread famine – 20 million died

Cultural Revolution Response to clean up Great Leap “Red Guards” enforced the revolution Shut down all of China’s schools persecuted, imprisoned, tortured teachers, intellectuals, elderly violence & famine killed 30 million during the cultural revolution

Population Mao refused to impose any population controls He viewed population control as a capitalistic exercise in limiting human resources – and anything capitalistic is anti-communist, so he was opposed to it Result - China's population exploded during Mao's rule

Mao died in 1976 Deng Xiaoping succeeded him and immediately instituted population controls China’s growth s: (under Mao) grew 3% s: 1.2% -- Today: reported at 0.5%

One-Child Policy Enforced vigorously under Deng Abortions soared (sometimes coerced by the government, even well into the third trimester) Female infanticide rose Families would hide their 2nd or 3rd child with family members in separate villages (if caught, the government could burn their house down)