414 PHG Substance of abuse

 By the end of this lectures the student should be able to:  Discuss the source and sythesis of anabolic hormones  Explain the abuse of anabolic hormones in view of its actions in male and female.  Identify the consequences of abusing anabolic hormones.

Physiological Synthesis of Androgens Manufacture by testis (initiated by luteinizing hormone) and adrenal cortex, and to a lesser degree by the ovaries. Androgen Receptor (AR) exists in reproductive as well as non-reproductive tissue (i.e. skeletal muscle, etc). –Specificity of action varies based on testosterone derivative structure. –Action at tissue or organ also depends on AR quantity. For example, prostate has 25X more AR than skeletal muscle (7).

Increase skeletal muscle mass Increase bone density Increase hemoglobin concentration Increase red blood cell mass Enhancement of immune system promote cell growth. Increase nitrogen retention, Increase protein synthesis, appetite Increase retention of several electrolytes

development and maintenance of male characteristics Increased growth of hair Enlargement of vocal cords Increased libido Suppression of natural sex hormones Initial growth of sex organ in male and female Growth of prostate gland Increase oil production of sebaceous glands

 Elevated blood pressure (most common) Increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL Increase risk of CV disease and coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and heart attack (chronic use) Accelerate the rate of premature baldness (male and female)

Acne-stimulates the sebaceous glands liver damage (cancer) Tendon rupture has been linked to AS Stiffer and less elastic tendon Probably tendon does not adapt as fast ( weak link)

Gynecomastia-dose development of breast tissue in males Conversion of testosterone to estrogen by aromatase enzyme Temporary infertility (decrease production of sperm) Testicular atrophy caused by decrease levels in natural testosterone

Increase in body hair Male-pattern baldness Deeping of voice(permanent) Enlarge sex organ (permanent) Temporary decrease in menstrual cycle Affect fetal development during pregnancy

Stunted growth-premature growth shut down as a result of increased level of estrogen Premature sexual development Anabolic steroids used in adolescence has been correlated with poor attitudes related to health Risk of mortality among chronic AS users reported to be 4.6 times higher than non-AS users

 Why in your opinion these hormones are abused by athelets?  Are there other types of abuse for these hormones?

Controversial Mood swings Aggression Mania Depression Withdrawal Dependence

Most common reason: improve athletic performance. Also, to gain rapid and substantial muscle size and/or reduce body fat in an effort to attain a desired physical appearance Reinforcement issues: in addition to initial physical gains, androgen receptors in the brain stimulate feelings of euphoria and increased aggressiveness.

 Discuss how anabolic hormones are abused the view of its actions in male and female?  What are the main side effects and consequences of anabolic hormones abuse that may affect the athelets performance?