The Road to World War I

Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

The British Empire in 1914

The Balkans in 1878

Muhammad Ali “Father of Egypt” Muhammad Ali introduced political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.

European Challenges Section 3, Chapter 25 OTTOMAN EMPIRE EGYPT IRAN pashas, increased their power. Internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire. European states sought to benefit from the weakening empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. Westernization by Ottoman rulers increased tensions. Young Turks overthrew the sultan. Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire. During his reign, Muhammad Ali: Improved tax collection Reorganized the landholding system Backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output Expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia. Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India. Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south. The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region. Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers. Ottoman Empire EGYPT IRAN

The Mediterranean and Red Seas. CLOSURE The Suez Canal linked what two bodies of water? The Mediterranean and Red Seas. Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran? Britain and Russia