Security Sector and Human Rights Defenders from a 1325 perspective Ms Eva Zillen, Kvinna till Kvinna Maj Linda Johansson, Swedish Armed Forces

GENDER COACH A concept providing gender coaches for senior officials Enhancing their knowledge in gender equality : To influence structures and behavior Deepen the understanding of gender equality Implementing a gender perspective Handpicked the senior officials Handpicked the gender coaches It was a success! Genderforce is a development partnership between the Swedish Armed Forces, the Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation, the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organisation, the Association of Military Officers in Sweden, the Swedish Police and the Swedish Rescue Services Agency. GENDERFORCE is partly financed by the European Union’s Equal Initiative and the Swedish ESF Council. The project will continue up to and including 2007. All the partners within the project are active in the field of international relief operations and post conflict peacekeeping missions.

Security Sector and Human Rights Defenders from a 1325 perspective SWEDINT & NCGM Security Sector and Human Rights Defenders from a 1325 perspective Major Linda Johansson Head of Section, Capability and Liaison at Centre for Gender in Military Operations 2010-2011 Gender Advisor to COM RC N Afghanistan 2008-2009 Gender Field Advisor to COM PRT MES Afghanistan linda.1.johansson@mil.se

Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations Concept Products Recognized courses Seminars Lessons learned SMEs METT A hub of Knowledge Experience Cooperation & Support Information Partners NORDEFCO NATO UN OSCE EU AU The intention with the Nordic Centre for Gender is to build a hub of knowledge and expertise which should be beneficial to all armed forces and organisations who are involved with Peace Support Operations in conflict areas. Of course the centres work will be totally depending on establishing a good cooperation with all related actors in this working field. The centre should be a natural place where information regarding gender issues can flow through, be collected and become evaluated and shared with as many actors and users as possible. One focal area will be to integrate the Gender perspective into the ordinary educational systems in the armed forces globally. This will be done in many ways, for example to share “Best practices” within the already existing UN system for this and another example is to include gender perspective in the planning courses at all levels, starting at the operational level.

NCGM training Courses (2 weeks) Seminars (2-3 days) Gender Field Advisor 28 participants Pre-deployment for GFA, GENAD Focus on the advisory role and gender perspectives in operational planning processes. Commanding Officers Seminar 20 participants Commanders, OF 4-6 Focus on COs’ role in integrating gender perspectives into military operations Operational and tactical level. Gender Training of Trainers 25 participants Trainers, OF1-OF4 or OR5-OR9 Focus on training troops, units and officers in gender in military operations (methodology, TAA) Key Leader Seminar 15 participants Flag Officers, Ambassadors, OF 6-9 How GPs contribute to achieving political military, strategic and operational objectives.

Swedish Armed Forces Swedish Army Swedish Air Force Swedish Navy Service branches Swedish Army Swedish Air Force Swedish Navy The Swedish Armed Forces’ most important resource is its personnel. The Swedish Armed Forces’ payroll includes women, men, officers, civilians, contract soldiers and national service people. In total 25,000 persons serves currently in the Swedish Armed Forces. The Swedish Armed Forces is subject to the Swedish parliament and the Swedish government. As an authority we are governed by laws and regulations passed by them and they also determine the budget we receive. Each year the Swedish Armed Forces also receive a so-called letter of regulation from the government. This sets out in detail what the authority is required to do during the year. The Swedish Armed Forces is one of the biggest authorities in Sweden and is headed by a Supreme Commander. The deputy leader of the authority is the Director General. As the only authority permitted to engage in armed combat, the Swedish Armed Forces are Sweden’s ultimate security policy resource. The Armed Forces are therefore always prepared to carry out international missions, assert Sweden’s national integrity and support Swedish society in major crises. To enable Sweden to maintain its freedom of action in terms of its security policy, the Armed Forces are continuously developing capabilities that can meet future requirements. Today’s crises and conflicts arise quickly and do not respect national boundaries. Sweden has worked for peace and democracy for over fifty years in cooperation with different multinational organisations, and today we are expanding this work to an increasing degree. Over the past few years, the Swedish Armed Forces has started undergoing a major process of change. We are creating a modern mission-based armed force with smaller, more focused units that can be deployed directed where they are needed, in both Sweden and abroad. The changes being implemented within the Swedish Armed Forces are in line with similar developments in other countries. Today’s threats, the general security policy situation and the way wars are being waged have changed dramatically over the past twenty years. In order to fulfil its responsibilities, the Swedish Armed Forces is allocated around SEK 40 billion each year. Of this funding, around half goes to unit operations, and half to research, development and materials systems. Out of a total of around 18,000 persons employed in the Swedish Armed Forces, almost 7,000 are civilians. The remainder are officers and other ranks in the armed services.

International units/deployments Currently, Sweden has deployed military forces in Afghanistan and in Mali. Military observers from Sweden have been sent to a large number of countries, including Georgia, North Korea, Lebanon, Israel and Sri Lanka and Sweden also participates with staff officers to missions in Sudan, Syria, Hungary, Uganda and Kosovo. Sweden is building an active mission-based defence. That is to say, we have a defence force that can be used immediately when needed, in Sweden or abroad. Even at short notice we can quickly be deployed in combat and other crisis situations - in Sweden and throughout the world. We collaborate with the UN, EU and NATO. THE ARMED FORCES IN SWEDEN Our principal task in the Armed Forces is to defend Sweden. We conduct exercises and missions on the ground, at sea and in the air. Day and night, all year round. The Armed Forces must be ready to respond no matter when the need arises. Such a need may involve national security: we guard Sweden's borders and repel those who violate them. EXAMPLES OF NATIONAL MISSIONS One clear example is when a vessel at sea or an aircraft enters Swedish territory without permission. Needs may also relate to things that affect society: we assist when areas are hit by forest fires, storms and flooding or when a person has gone missing. All this is designated national missions. THE ARMED FORCES ABROAD We also serve around the world. The Swedish Armed Forces have around one thousand men and women on site in countries affected by war and conflict. We are there to help create peace and security. This is a task that has been decided by Swedish politicians. Sweden wants to actively contribute to peacekeeping missions - not to stand by and watch. Sweden also wants to ease unrest and conflict outside the country's borders, to limit the spread to other countries. By those means we can also reduce the risk of our own country coming under threat. Sweden collaborates with other EU Member States and the United Nations, and only participates in missions legitimised by the UN. Service branches Swedish Army Swedish Air Force Swedish Navy Headquarters Stockholm Leadership Minister for Defence Karin Enström Supreme Commander General Sverker Göranson Director General Ulf Bengtsson Manpower Military age 16-70 years old[1] Conscription No Available for military service 2,065,782 males, age 18-47 (2010 est.), 1,995,451 females, age 18-47 (2010 est.) Fit for military service 1,709,592 males, age 18-47 (2010 est.), 1,649,875 females, age 18-47 (2010 est.) Reaching military age annually 58,937 males (2010 est.), 56,225 females (2010 est.) Active personnel 30,000[2] Reserve personnel 22,988 reserves and 38,000 militias[2][3] Expenditures Budget SEK 45.578 billion (USD ~6.46 billion) (2012)[4] Percent of GDP 1.35% (2009)[5] Related articles History Military history of Sweden Ranks Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces

Women in the Swedish Armed Forces – a brief history 1980 The first women volunteers undergo basic training in the Swedish Air Force 1983 Areas including the following become open to women: Artillery, Air Defence, Engineering, Signals and Army Service units Coast Artillery sea front gunnery, radar and communications service units Defence Medical Service (jointly with the Swedish Navy) Naval command and control, communications and maintenance services 1989 Women have access to all branches of the armed services 1994 Women are able to do national service without envisaging further training to officer level

The Swedish Government Plan of Action to carry out UNSCR 1325 "Women can both influence and be affected by armed conflicts". "The implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325 is both a goal in itself and a way of reaching the objectives for security, development, defence and gender equality policies." "Swedish personnel who take part in peace support and humanitarian operations must have undergone training /…/ that covers Resolution 1325, conditions specific to the operation, the applicable legislation and ethical issues." Adopted on the 14th of July 2006

Internal and external focus NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS Internal and external focus External (operations): Principles of Res 1325 integrated into planning, implementation and evaluation of operations Promoting participation of women in international operations Internal (personnel): Gender equality Preventing sexual harrassment Preventing discrimination Promoting increasing recruitment of women in the forces

Operational and tactical implementation The EU project ”Genderforce” 2004-2007 National Actions Plans 2006 - 2009 2009 - 2014 Military Gender Advisors has served; EUFOR DR Congo 2006 EUFOR Tchad/RCA 2008/2009 ISAF Afghanistan 2008 – 2014 EUTM Somalia 2013-2014 MINUSMA Mali 2014-2015 Gender Advisor to Director of Operations at SWE AF HQ 2007 – 2015 Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations established in 2012

GENDER PERSPECTIVE AS AN OPERATIONAL TOOL To have a gender perspective is to be able to detect if, when and how, men and women are being affected differently by a situation/operation due to their gender. Correctly used, gender perspective will increase the operational effectiveness, in every situation, both for men, women, boys and girls in the area of operations If there is something to remember and bring from this briefing, it is the definition of gender perspective: (mentioned above) The use of gender perspective is an operational tool, like others in a commanders toolbox of resources and expertise, to use in order to increase the operational effect. Traditionally neglected in military operations Assess needs and consequences Strengthen the human rights and overall security Force multiplier

OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS www.mil.se/swedint OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS Liaison Communication Collecting Human Intelligence Situation Awareness Information (perception) Allocation of Forces- Safe and Secure Environment Prioritize reconstruction Security Force Assistance (mentoring) If we don't recognize and consider the gender perspective we miss great parts of the correct information of what's going on in the operation area (AOO) and we will likely fail to provide security to the entire civilian population. Men and women, boys and girls provide different information and affects differently of an operation. Effect

GENDER INCORPORATED MIL PLANNING NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS www.mil.se/swedint GENDER INCORPORATED MIL PLANNING The strategic level will ensure implementation in all planning, execution and assessment. Phase 6 Transition Phase 1 Situation Awareness Phase 2 OP Appreciation and Assessment of Options Phase 4a OP CONOPS Development Phase 4b OPLAN Phase 5 Execution Phase 3 Orientation Gender NCGM use COPD as base for education and training in operational planning and execution. It is at the same time important to stress that Gender Advisers and Field Advisers should learn how to be a staff officer working in a OPG in order to ensure that gender perspectives will be covered during the whole process. Operational Planning Process Comprehensive Operations Planning Directive

OPERATIONS PLANNING Gender Perspective serve as a Force enabler and support the effectiveness of NATO-led operations inline with other factors in the OPP Integrating Gender Perspective at all levels of planning is imperative when developing strategies to address the full spectrum of crises management scenarios in which NATO is involved Conduct Gender analysis specific to AOO, starting as part of Situational awareness and IPB. SA should always include a Gender Perspective Ensure a Gender Perspective in all capacity building efforts supporting, training and mentoring local security forces Establish and ensure effective reporting mechanisms as well as assessment (MoE) regarding Gender Perspective (include in ordinary system) NATO OPLANs are to include Gender Annex Some bullet´s that are related and linked to the OPP NATO BI-SCD 40-1

3 KEY STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENTATION Protection Prevention Participation -Method: Gender Mainstreaming There are three fundamental pillars to implementing landmark resolutions on women peace and security. The Deputy Secretary-General has developed key strategies to implement the security council resolution 1325 to ensure that the resolution serve as a tool to demand the protection and empowerment of women and girls. The provisions of the resolution had to be translated into practical policy recommendations which is why the 3 P’s provide the appropriate framework in developing national action plans. Member states need help in translating the provisions of resolution 1325 into policies and programs which is why United Nations peace operations are essential to this effort. The peacekeepers should no longer focus purely on military tasks and the efforts to implement UNSCR 1325 are no longer directed only at parties to conflict. Peace operations now deal with human rights, the rule of law, humanitarian aid, and a range of other issues that directly affect women. Since the adoption of 1325, gender mainstreaming has become a core component of peace operations and the United Nations has gender advisers in most complex peace support operations.

PROTECTION Guidance on Protection of Civilians with an integrated gender perspective is to be included in the OPP. Do you have mandate to support your operation in order to protect vulnerable groups? For example: Own capability to protect HN SF capability to protect Suport to other actors involved in Protection activities Ensure a Monitoring and Reporting system is in place The UNSCR on Women, Peace and Security reaffirm the need to implement fully international humanitarian and human rights law that protects the rights of women and girls during and after conflicts. After Conflict: female voters are four times as likely to be targeted for intimidation in elections in fragile and transitional states. In Burundi, the Democratic Republic of congo, Iraq and Sierra Leone, Sudan and Timor-Leste, less than 8% of post conflict spending was specifically budgeted to empower women or promote gender equality. Rape has been a rampant tactic in modern wars. Conservative estimates suggest that 20,000-50,000 women were raped during the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while approx. 250,000-500,000 women and girls were targeted in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. “Facts and Figures, Peace and Security, UN Women, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/peace-and-security/facts-and-figures”

PREVENTION Understanding the impact of armed conflict on the entire population in order to effectively institutionalise arrangements to guarantee protection, as a method to prevent. The full participation in the peace process can significantly contribute to the maintenance and promotion of international peace and security. For example: With the use of correct information KLE on all levels Higher female participation and representation, etc. It is important to incorporate a gender perspective to help prevent the destructive and detrimental situations women experience post conflict. The implementation of the United Nations resolutions and the increase in integration would have a positive effect on peace keeping operations where field operations include a gender component. The expansive role and contribution of women in the UN field based operations, and especially among military observers, civilian police, human rights and humanitarian personnel would benefit the strategies adopted to implement durable peace and reconciliation.

PARTICIPATION Operations planning should include how the Force can support implementation of increasing the participation of women at all decision-making levels in conflict resolution and peace processes. Implementation can be achieved through: Peace negotiations Female Key Leaders Elections Genderbalanced Security Force Freedom of movement to all The women, peace and security agenda encompasses women’s full participation in decision-making regarding conflict prevention, resolution, and post-conflict rebuilding; accountability for violations of women’s human right; and women’s protection concerns. As well as appoint more women as special representatives and envoys to pursue good offices on his behalf and in this regard calls on member states to provide candidates to the secretary general, for inclusion in a regularly updated centralized roster. As of September 2012, 3 out of 25 International Court of Justice Judges were women. Among sitting international criminal judges, 10 of 18 were women. Out of all 24 judges who have served the latter, 13 have been women. In Morrocco, 16 commissioners sat on the 2004 Equity and Reconcilliation Commisson; only 1 was a woman. When you prepare and establish your KLEP make sure to include female KL and have a gender perspective when addressing Key messages to male KL

Women as victims Listen to what they say and show the pictures. Ask: Was this what you thought of? Often we unintentionally stereotype the roles of men and women in a society. We often think that women are only victims in war and conflict. Unfortunately women and children are amongst the most vulnerable in war and conflict, but they are not only victims. They are also important actors and can be powerful agents for peace. It can be useful to include pictures of your specific mission area or area of interest.

Men as actors Listen to what they say and show the pictures. Ask: Was this what you thought of? Often we unintentionally stereotype the roles of men and women in a society. We often see men as actors in a conflict, thereby neglecting that they can also be victims in time of war and conflict. It can be useful to include pictures of your specific mission area or area of interest.

WOMEN AS ACTORS Often we unintentionally stereotype the roles of men and women in a society. We often think that women are only victims in war and conflict. Unfortunately women and children are amongst the most vulnerable in war and conflict, but they are not only victims. They are also important actors and can be powerful agents for peace. It can be useful to include pictures or examples of your specific mission area or area of interest. For example if you are deployed to Afghanistan, you can use pictures of female key leaders. If you have time and internet available an option can be to show part of the film ‘Pray the Devil Back to Hell’. You can find useful trailers on youtube. The film documents a peace movement called Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace. Organized by social worker Leymah Gbowee, the movement started with praying and singing in a fish market. Leymah Gbowee organized the Christian and Muslim women of  Monrovia, Liberia to pray for peace and to organize nonviolent protests. Dressed in white to symbolize peace, and numbering in the thousands, the women became a political force against violence and against their government.

MEN AS VICTIMS Often we unintentionally stereotype the roles of men and women in a society. We often see men as actors in a conflict, hereby neglecting that they can also be victims in time of war and conflict. For example with regard to sexual violence. In many societies it is still a taboo for male victims to talk about it and seek for help. It can be useful to include pictures or example of your specific mission area or area of interest.

SWEDISH ARMED FORCES INTERNATIONAL CENTRE – SWEDINT www.mil.se/swedint SWE AF LESSONS LEARNED Role of Gender Advisor – supporting to the chain of command Training continuously, not only pre-deployment Gender = not women Early in situation analysis and planning Focus on practical initiatives and methods – Mixed Engagement Teams (MET) NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

EXAMPLES FROM AFGHANISTAN If there is something to remember and bring from this briefing, it is the definition of gender perspective: The use of gender perspective is an operational tool, like others in a commanders toolbox of resources and expertise, to use in order to increase the operational effect.

RC N Gender Advisor An organizational structure of gender monitoring and reporting is to be established, in order to mainstream gender perspective in RC N. RC N Gender Advisor (GENAD): supports the commander and RC Ns units in the implementation of: Security related gender perspective in the military tasks of RC N Gender perspective according to ISAF mandate, SOPs, FRAGOs, Directives etc UNSCR 1325(2000), UNSCR 1820(2008) Female KLE Engagement Teams (MET, FET, PET, CST, FTT) ET is one of several tools for the BSO, but Female Engagement is to be mainstreamed in all functions and units of RC N. Activities characterized by: Face-to-face engagements, female Shuras, CERP funding, engaging Provincial/District Councils Support GIRoA efforts to increase females roles in ANA/ANP

Why do ISAF work with women? Why do ISAF involve women? To strengthen women's role in issues relating to conflict prevention, conflict resolution and operations to establish peace. In order to succeed along ISAF three lines of operations (security, governance and development), we must enable women to have a role in each of these key areas.

Key Leader Engagement Identify – Involve - Protect GO, NGO, IO, Security Sector

ISAF INFORMATION Where? When ? How? Who? With Info Ops operations and Psyops operations we target the local population, this means men, women, boys and girls. GFAs should assist Info Ops / Psyops personnel with the development of messages to the local population. Explanations of the operational mandate should address both men and women.

LESSON LEARNED Women is essential in mentoring and training of local security forces Culture, legal systems and informal rules. Training and educational system. You need the full background otherwise you will do more harm than good. A late lesson learned from Afghanistan has been the Nations misscalculation in deploying women as mentors or liaision officers. Explain the reason When mentoring and training local security forces the planning and information gathering is crucial. What might be normal in your country often is not the same in the mission area. You reely need to gather intel of all this. Otherwise you will do more harm than good.

Can we address all situations? Do we have situational understanding? COMPOSITION OF UNITS Can we address all situations? Do we have situational understanding? Can we address all situations? Units that engage the population should have female personnel to better engage with the entire local population. These teams should also have female interpreters. Ensure that engaging the female population is not the sole responsibility of your female personnel.

MET/ MIXED ENGAGEMENT TEAMS Example (company): QL: Reinforced platoon - Designated group, provided with reinforcements, constitute the capability Focus on liason/cooperation and close protection 1 LNO (female) 1 LNO (male) 1 IP mil (female) 1 soldier (female) 2 soldiers (males) Female soldier Interpreter, CIMIC Interpreter, OPS Off. Nurse Platoon Operative concerns Every MOT has to be able to execute and perform all tasks, they have to have the same ability. Otherwise in the end, it’s a risk that they will be put aside and won’t be involved in operations. - Mixed teams can address all situations They can split up, men and women if needed, and still have enough ability for their own protection Mixed teams gives added value as they complement each other regarding qualities and skills. It creates a better working environment wich increase operational effect. 1 LNO (female) 1 LNO (male) 1 IP mil (female) 1 soldier (female) 2 soldiers (males)

Women, Peace and Security Way Ahead: Improve the involvement of women at all levels in the peace process and ensure women’s participation in the struggle of bringing Peace and Develompent to Afghanistan. Gender Perspectives in Operations should be planned, executed and evaluated in line with the operational objectives. “Looking the other way makes you a part of the problem. Protecting the people not only requires protecting them from physical harm but also corruption and abuse of power” - COMISAF Directive 2009

TAKE AWAY’s Gender perspective should be looked upon from an operational view, as a Force multiplier and another tool in the toolbox. Gender perspective is cross-cutting and have a relevance at all levels, however at different depth. Imperative to integrate gender perspective in all strategic directives and in all planning from the beginning. Leadership is of outmost importance. It is always the Commanders responsibility to implement at all levels.

Gender perspectiv is essential for the operational effects Education, training and understanding Leadership

GENDER AND LEADERSHIP ”Leadership is not just about influencing followers to accomplish a mission. Effective leaders recognize that people are different. They also understand that one approach does not fit all, and that both diversity and gender integration within groups are strengths not weaknesses.” Reference: see TCA Gender@Work

Questions? Major Linda Johansson Head of Section, Capability and Liaison at Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations

Whose Security - Practical Examples of Gender Perspectives in Military Operations Contacted former course/seminar participants Phone interviews Not all interviews was turned into articles Aimed for variation in mission areas, gender, role and task etc. All articles reviewed by respondent

Gender perspective in Military Operations Maj Linda Johansson, OiC Capability and Liaison section, NCGM

WWW.FORSVARSMAKTEN.SE

EXAMPLE - SEARCH OPERATIONS Body search of men, women and children: It’s obliged to provide female staff to search women, and also take cultural and religious customs under consideration. This means that female personnel search women and young children while male personnel searches men and older boys. Considerations: - Mixed teams - Bring a local witness (elders, mullahs or other representatives) - Gather women and children - If you are a man, don’t be alone with local women - Avoid talking with young women At planned search operations of buildings there should be male and female staff among the personnel. This will ensure the possibility to search all members of the household and the rooms where women and children are staying, meaning rooms to which only women have access. Bring the village elders, mullahs or other representatives from the village as witnesses to make sure you will not get accused of harassing anyone or destroying anything. A female military interpreter should be used to the greatest extent possible while talking to women and children. If this is not an option a female local interpreter should be used for this purpose. Before you are conducting a search in a home, whenever possible, try to alert the family in the garden and the house before you enter so the women can get a chance to cover their hair in the way they find proper. Sometimes women are preparing for prayer in the garden and only family members are allowed to see their hair and arms uncovered. Ask the family elders to gather women and children either in one room you have already searched or outside the house but still inside the walls. Under NO circumstances should personnel be alone with women while conducting a search. Try to avoid talking to young women, since this is culturally very sensitive.

Security and Elections How to make sure that information regarding the election is communicated with both men and women ?

In what ways are women specifically affected by conflicts? Before the conflict During the conflict After the conflict

In what way can local women be involved in the work to promote peace? Before the conflict During the conflict After the conflict "Early warnings" Identify and support women's formal and informal peace initiatives Engage women's organisations in DDR-work (Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration)

ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION Former SRSG Sexual violence in conflict margot Wallström and Rear Admiral Odd Werin at Gender Key Leader Seminar 2012.

Strategies to overcome challenges to integrate gender perspective into military operations Can gender perspective be a force multiplier? How can gender perspective increase security? Is gender perspective a “Women’s issue”? Is a male dominated organization a reason why it is not possible to reach gender balance? Are resources correctly allocated? (i.e: “the money goes where the mouth tells you”) Group work and discussions how to best create strategies for a successful integration of gender perspective in military operations. How to overcome some of the common challenges, including stereotype thinking.

SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS Provide a “School solution” or discuss/argument why/why not in relation to the groups discussion regarding the questions on the previous slide.

NCGM OPERATIONAL DESIGN Education and Training on Gender in Military Operations Integrating gender perspectives in military exercises Cooperation and information exchange with experts, key institutions and agents of change Providing support to policy/processes development and enhancing capability of partners END STATE Military actors apply a gender perspective in every situation to increase operational effect in providing security to all men, women, boys and girls. UNACCEPTABLE CONDITION Gender perspectives neglected in military operations resulting in insufficient security for marginalised and vulnerable persons. Global GP network established GP int. in all* exercises GP int. in all* E&T GP int. in all policies and processes * All means all NATO