CHAPTER 1 Chemistry

What is Chemistry? Natural Sciences Biological Sciences Concerned with living things Biology Physical Sciences Non-living things CHEMISTRY!!

What is Chemistry? Chemistry Study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes Chemical Any substance that has a specific composition Examples – sucrose, carbon dioxide, water

Types of Research Basic Research Increasing knowledge How? Why? Applied Solve a problem Technological Development Production and use of products that improve our quality of life

Branches of Chemistry Organic Study of substances containing carbon Inorganic Study of substances that do not contain carbon Physical Study of interrelationships between energy and matter Biochemistry Study of processes that occur in living things Analytical Identification of substances and determination of the composition

Basic Building Blocks of Matter Atom Smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element Smallest “piece” of matter Element A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom Weight Measure of the Earth’s gravitational pull for matter Use a scale Mass Measure of the amount of matter in a substance Use a balance

Basic Building Blocks of Matter Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Inertia Resistance to change in motion Law of Conservation of Matter Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions

Properties Extensive property Depends on the amount of matter Volume, mass Intensive property Does NOT depend on amount of matter Melting point, boiling point

Properties Physical property Can be observed or measured without altering identity of substance Color, weight Physical change Any change that does NOT change identity of substance Melting, cutting wire

Properties Change of state Physical change from one state to another States of matter Solid Definite volume, definite shape Liquid Definite volume, indefinite shape Gas Indefinite volume and shape Plasma High temperature state in which atoms lose electrons

Properties Chemical property Ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its identity Chemical change A change in which new, different substance are formed (a change to its identity) Reactant Substances that undergo a change Product Substances that are formed Reactants  Products

Evidence of a chemical change Test products Only way to have proof! Gives of heat and/or light Chemiluminescence – gives off light Start video at 1:15 Exothermic Rxn – gives off heat Endothermic Rxn – takes in heat Production of a gas (bubbles) Formation of a precipitate Precipitate – a solid that separates from solution

Quiz Demos Hot/Cold Packs Water-Wine-Milk-Soda Vinegar/Baking Soda Chemilluminescence

Energy Ability to cause change or ability to do work Examples – chemical, electrical, mechanical, sound, thermal, light, and more… Classification Kinetic Energy of motion Potential Stored energy

Energy Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can be converted from one form to another; cannot be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed

Classification of Matter Two types of matter Mixture – blend of 2 or more kinds of matter Heterogeneous – not uniform throughout  Salt and pepper, pizza, granite Homogeneous – uniform in composition; solution  Salt water

Separating Mixtures 1. Filtration: Filter 2. Distillation: Boiling, recapture 3. Chromatography: Runs

Classification of Matter Pure substance – same composition; cannot be separated without changing substance Element – cannot be decomposed by ordinary change  Au, Fe, Na Compound – can be decomposed into 2 or more simpler substances  H 2 O, sugar

Classification of Matter =SAME THROUGHOUT (Text – Pg 15)

Matter Law of Definite Composition A chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportion by mass regardless of size

Elements They are the building blocks of matter They are organized on the Periodic Table Group/Family Vertical columns (1-18) Vertical columns Elements very similar to each other in a family Period Horizontal rows (1-7) Horizontal rows

Elements Types of elements Metals Left side of Periodic Table Good conductor or heat/electricity, luster, ductile, malleable Nonmetals Right side of table Poor conductor Noble Gases – group 18, non-reactive, very stable Metalloids Along step ladder Semiconductors – Si, Ge

Elements KNOW THE COMMON ELEMENT NAMES AND SYMBOLS!!! THESE WILL NOT GO AWAY. YOU ARE GOING TO NEED THEM ALL YEAR LONG!!!

PERIOD GROUP/FAMILY METALS NONMETALS METALLOIDS