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Chapter 5 Creating a Buffer Colony GPS: Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the charter of 1732, the reasons for settlement (charity, economics, defense), Tomochichi, Mary Musgrove, and the city of Savannah. Essential Question: How was the founding/evolution of the Georgia colony unique?

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Reasons for the Colony Threats from Spanish   Spanish encourage Native Americans to attack Charles Town   Fort King George built to protect Carolina border; abandoned 1728 What other countries do you think the Carolinas need protection from?

Hard Times in England James Edward Oglethorpe -member, British Parliament   England overcrowded, people unable to pay debts imprisoned (Robert Castill)   Oglethorpe favors prison reform, wants debtors’ colony -give debtors fresh start, colony could sell materials to England and protect Charles Town Why do you think Oglethorpe favored prison reform?

The Creation of Georgia   Oglethorpe, 20 other prominent men— trustees-draft charter in 1730   Propose colony name “Georgia” after King George II; three purposes of GA colony: 1-charitable: relief for debtors, “worthy poor” 2-economic: self-supporting, providing cheap resources for England 3-defensive: protective barrier between Florida-Charles Town   King signs charter, grants lands southwest of Carolina, June 9, 1732 Which purpose do you think the king is most concerned about?

The Creation of Georgia   Colonists offered free passage, 50 acres, 1 year support for family   500 acres tax-free for 10 years for those who can pay passage   Many “worthy poor” —artisans, businessmen —apply instead of debtors   “Resident Trustee” Oglethorpe pays own way, leads colony

New Rules for a New Colony   Trustees cannot own land in Georgia, do not make profit   All colonists get same amount of land so social classes do not form   Hard liquor, slavery, Catholics, and lawyers not allowed   Land cannot be sold or borrowed against; only men can inherit Why do you think the trustees do not want social classes to form?

Sailing to Georgia   Ship Ann sets sail November 17, 1732, with 115 passengers   Two months to cross Atlantic; travel conditions poor   Oglethorpe meets with Royal Governor of South Carolina -wants protection from Spanish and Yamasee Indians What kind of problems might occur in during the voyage that might cause someone to get sick or die?

Establishing the Colony   Yamacraw Bluff —spot near Savannah River chosen for colony -becomes town of Savannah   John and Mary Musgrove own trading post near Yamacraw   John: son of Colonel John Musgrove of South Carolina   Mary: born “Cousaponakeesa” to white trader and Creek Indian   Musgroves have a trade monopoly with the Yamacraw, Charlestown colonist.

Chief Tomochichi   Tomochichi is chief of Yamacraw; part of Creek Confederacy   Musgroves help Oglethorpe negotiate treaty with Tomochichi   Georgia guard prepares area, colonists arrive February 1, 1733 Tomochichi lived into his late 90’s and a large granite stone commemorating his life was placed near his burial site in Savannah

Negotiating with the Creek   Oglethorpe meets with Creek chiefs to establish peace   After three days, Treaty of Savannah signed: 1-colonists receive land, prices set for trade 2-Creek will return escaped slaves to South Carolina 3-promise that colonists will not take other Creek lands

Continued help from friends   Musgroves translate, negotiate between colonists and natives   Allow Oglethorpe to use employees as assistants   Oglethorpe takes Musgroves, Tomochichi to England in 1734   Tomochichi impressed by King, trustees; Creek, English ally   Oglethorpe and Creek chiefs sign Treaty of Coweta in chiefs vow loyalty to George II, reconfirm 1733 land grant

Establishing Savannah   Colonists work as group and build palisade—strong wooden wall of defense around compound   Savannah layout based on Azilia design   Four district with open public square in each -public buildings in each corner, house lots surround square   Fort Argyle along Ogeechee River first of 7 forts to protect Savannah   Scots Highlanders build fort near Altamaha River, February name area Darien, name town New Inverness

More residents for the Colony   Settlers continue to arrive, including three religious groups: -Moravians—Protestants from Czechoslovakia -Salzburgers—Austrian, near German border -Jews from Portugal—initially, trustees prohibited Jewish settlers   All groups had been persecuted in original countries

Religion in the Colonies   Trustees afraid Catholic settlers may ally with Spanish in Florida   Oglethorpe brings ministers, two brothers, in 1736 John Wesley —founds Methodist movement Charles Wesley —Oglethorpe’s secretary, chaplain at Fort Frederica George Whitefield comes on later trip; founds Bethesda Home for Boys

Augusta Founded   Communications between Savannah, Charles Town begins October 1734   Secure settlement between towns needed as trade grows   Oglethorpe completes way station north of Savannah, June names site Augusta in honor of Princess Augusta of Wales

Discontent Among the Colonists Land   Trustees won’t trade poor land for better land   Difficult to grow crops requested by England   Colonists cannot sell, trade land; women can’t inherit Slaves   Farmers able to grow rice, indigo, but crops are labor-intensive   Envy profitability of South Carolina crops using slave labor Rum   Banned, available in other colonies; item of trade with Native Americans

Hardships take toll   Colonists are unprepared for life in new colony   Soil, climate wrong for intended crops   Trustees mock complainers; some colonists leave for South Carolina

Defending the New Colony   William Stephens arrives in 1736 to assist Oglethorpe   Georgia divided into two counties. Stephens in charge of Savannah, Oglethorpe in charge of Frederica   War of Jenkins’ Ear; Spanish guard cut off British officer’s ear; Britain declares war on Spain,1739

European conflict carried to the colonies   Oglethorpe invades Florida in 1740, aided by Native American allies   Spanish reinforcements arrive, Georgians retreat to Fort St. Simons   Minor fighting for two years, Spanish take Fort St. Simons in 1742   Oglethorpe evacuates, Spanish take fort

Spain is turned back   Oglethorpe greatly outnumbered—650 to 2,000—but must defeat Spanish   Two small units ambush Spanish on march to Fort Frederica   Ambush—the Battle of Bloody Marsh — takes less than hour   Spanish retreat to St. Augustine three days later   England’s claim on Georgia land is now undisputed

Changes in Leadership   Despite victory, trustees and settlers unhappy with Oglethorpe who returns to England. William Stephens new leader

Changing the Rules Land   50-acre rule frustrates colonists, they want larger farms   Land limit increased to 2,000 acres, women may now inherit property Rum   Rum drinking, sale allowed in 1742; valuable for trading with natives Slavery   Some colonists asking for slavery since colony’s start   Slavery legalized in 1751; Scots Highlanders and Salzburgers oppose

Becoming a Royal Colony   Trustees return colony to king in 1752 a year before charter expires   George II names John Reynolds first royal governor (1754)   Royal government: governor, 12-man council, legislature -council advises governor: forms Assembly’s Upper House, Court of Error -19 colonists elected to Commons House of Assembly, later 25

The Assembly takes Action   First assembly meets on January 7, 1755   Reorganizes militia, funds roads, bridges; creates paper bills of credit   Establishes list of 10 crimes punishable by death   Approves first slave code—basis for all future Georgia slavery laws

A change of governors   Reynolds disliked; tries to move capital, refuses advice from council   Henry Ellis replaces him, 1758; inherits weak, infighting colony   Restores colony in three years; is well-liked, respected -reforms government, divides Georgia into parishes, settles land claims -keeps Creek neutral during French and Indian War   Resigns in early 1761, Lieutenant Governor James Wright replaces him

A voice in government Colonists Have Voice in Government   Commons House of Assembly gave colonists political voice Forming Parishes   Georgia divided into 8 districts—parishes— similar to modern counties -primarily for organizaton; religious, military bodies -members pay tax for church, poor   England has hands-off policy—“salutary neglect”—toward colonies   Colonists handle their own problems, Parliament’s laws rarely enforced