1. NEXT James Oglethorpe first meets the Yamacraw, 1736. Engraving, 19th century. Trustee Georgia 1730–1761 Georgia’s founders want a new colony different from other English settlements, but their vision proves to be short- lived.

2. NEXT Trustee Georgia 1730–1761 SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 Creating a Buffer Colony Life in the New Colony The End of Trustee Georgia

3. NEXT Section 1 Creating a Buffer Colony Georgia is created for different reasons than other English colonies. Unique rules make Georgia different from the start.

4. NEXT Reasons for the Colony Creating a Buffer Colony Threats from Spanish Spanish encourage Native Americans to attack Charles Town Fort King George built to protect Carolina border; abandoned 1728 SECTION 1 Hard Times in England James Edward Oglethorpe born 1696; member, British Parliament, 1722 England overcrowded, people unable to pay debts imprisoned Oglethorpe favors prison reform, wants debtors’ colony -fresh start for debtors; ease overcrowding, unemployment -colony could sell materials to England, protect Charles Town

5. NEXT SECTION 1 The Creation of Georgia Oglethorpe, 20 other prominent men—trustees— draft charter in 1730 Propose colony name “Georgia” after King George II; three purposes: -charitable: relief for debtors, “worthy poor” -economic: self-supporting, providing cheap resources for England -defensive: protective barrier between Florida, Charles Town Continued... continued Reasons for the Colony

6. NEXT SECTION 1 The Creation of Georgia King signs charter, grants lands southwest of Carolina, June 9, 1732 Colonists offered free passage, 50 acres, 1 year support for family 500 acres tax-free for 10 years for those who can pay passage Many “worthy poor” —artisans, businessmen— apply instead of debtors “Resident Trustee” Oglethorpe pays own way, leads colony Ship Ann sets sail November 17, 1732, with 115 passengers continued Reasons for the Colony

7. NEXT SECTION 1 Different From Other Colonies Trustees cannot own land in Georgia, do not make profit All colonists get same amount of land so social classes do not form Hard liquor, slavery not allowed; only men may inherit land New Rules for a New Colony

8. NEXT SECTION 1 Rough Conditions Two months to cross Atlantic; travel conditions poor Oglethorpe meets with Royal Governor of South Carolina -wants protection from Spanish and Yamasee Sailing to Georgia

9. NEXT SECTION 1 Yamacraw Bluff Yamacraw Bluff—spot near Savannah River chosen for colony - becomes town of Savannah Establishing the Colony John and Mary Musgrove John and Mary Musgrove own trading post near Yamacraw John: son of Colonel John Musgrove of South Carolina Mary: born “Cousaponakeesa” to white trader and Creek Indian Musgroves have trade monopoly with Yamacraw, Charles Town colonists

10. NEXT SECTION 1 Chief Tomochichi Tomochichi is chief of Yamacraw; part of Creek Confederacy Musgroves help Oglethorpe negotiate treaty with Tomochichi Georgia guard prepares area, colonists arrive February 1, 1733 Establishing the Colony Continued... Image

11. NEXT SECTION 1 Negotiating with the Creek Oglethorpe meets with Creek chiefs to establish peace After three days, Treaty of Savannah signed: -colonists receive land, prices set for trade -Creek will return escaped slaves to South Carolina -promise that colonists will not take other Creek lands continued Establishing the Colony Continued... Map

12. NEXT SECTION 1 Continued Help from the Musgroves and Tomochichi Musgroves translate, negotiate between colonists and natives Allow Oglethorpe to use employees as assistants Oglethorpe takes Musgroves, Tomochichi to England in 1734 Tomochichi impressed by King, trustees; Creek, English ally Oglethorpe and Creek chiefs sign Treaty of Coweta in 1739 -chiefs vow loyalty to George II, reconfirm 1733 land grant continued Establishing the Colony

13. NEXT The noble ideals Georgia was founded on quickly give way to the difficult realities of life in a new land. Section 2 Life in the New Colony

14. NEXT Establishing Savannah Life in the New Colony Early Tasks Colonists work “in common”—as a group, one project at a time -build palisade—strong wooden wall of defense around compound Crane at top of bluff lifts supplies from ships SECTION 2 Continued...

15. NEXT Planning for a City Savannah layout based on Azilia design Four wards—districts—with open public square in each -public buildings in each corner, house lots surround square Fort Argyle along Ogeechee River first of 7 forts to protect Savannah Scots Highlanders build fort near Altamaha River, February 1736 -name area Darien, name town New Inverness SECTION 2 Continued... continued Establishing Savannah Image

16. NEXT More Residents for the Colony Settlers continue to arrive, including three religious groups: -Moravians—Protestants from Czechoslovakia -Salzburgers—Austrian, near German border -Jews from Portugal—initially, trustees prohibited Jewish settlers All groups had been persecuted in original countries SECTION 2 continued Establishing Savannah Continued...

17. NEXT Religion in the Colony Trustees afraid Catholic settlers may ally with Spanish in Florida Oglethorpe brings ministers, two brothers, in 1736 -John Wesley—founds Methodist movement -Charles Wesley—Oglethorpe’s secretary, chaplain at Fort Frederica George Whitefield comes on later trip; founds Bethesda Home for Boys SECTION 2 continued Establishing Savannah

18. NEXT Another Town for Georgia Augusta Founded Communications between Savannah, Charles Town begins October 1734 Secure settlement between towns needed as trade grows Oglethorpe completes way station north of Savannah, June 1736 -names site Augusta in honor of Princess Augusta of Wales SECTION 2

19. NEXT Life in the New Colony Responsibilities of the Trustees Oglethorpe acts as colony’s protector but lacks official title Colonists receive military training to defend colony Trustees provide food, clothes, tools to colonists for one year Each colonist gets 50 acres, small town lot, seed for farming Trustees plan to grow silk for England, but plan fails SECTION 2

20. NEXT Discontent Among the Colonists Land Trustees won’t trade poor land for better land Difficult to grow crops requested by England Colonists cannot sell, trade land; women can’t inherit SECTION 2 Continued... Slaves Farmers able to grow rice, indigo, but crops are labor- intensive Envy profitability of South Carolina crops using slave labor Rum Banned, available in other colonies; item of trade with Native Americans

21. NEXT Hardships Take a Toll Colonists unprepared for life in new colony Trustees bring experts from Italy, Portugal to teach crop production -raw silk; indigo for dyes -grapes for wine Soil, climate wrong for intended crops Trustees mock complainers; some colonists leave for South Carolina SECTION 2 continued Discontent Among the Colonists

22. Section 3 The End of Trustee Georgia Defending the new colony and making a profit for England prove to be too great a task for Oglethorpe. In 1752, Britain takes back Georgia and makes it a royal colony. NEXT

23. Defending the New Colony The End of Trustee Georgia Resolving Disputes Trustees and colonists both unhappy William Stephens arrives in 1736 to assist Oglethorpe Colony divided into two counties, Savannah and Frederica (1741) Stephens in charge of Savannah, Oglethorpe in charge of Frederica Border disputes between British Georgia and Spanish Florida continue Rivalry between England, Spain; Britain declares war on Spain,1739 SECTION 3 Continued...

24. NEXT European Conflicts Carried to the Colonies Oglethorpe invades Florida in 1740, aided by Native American allies Spanish reinforcements arrive, Georgians retreat to Fort St. Simons Minor fighting for two years, Spanish blocks Fort St.Simons in 1742 Oglethorpe evacuates, Spanish take fort continued Defending the New Colony SECTION 3

25. NEXT British Establish Control SECTION 3 Spain Is Turned Back Oglethorpe greatly outnumbered—650 to 2,000— but must defeat Spanish Two small units ambush Spanish on march to Fort Frederica Ambush—the Battle of Bloody Marsh—takes less than hour Spanish retreat to St. Augustine three days later England’s claim on Georgia land is now undisputed Continued...

26. NEXT Changes in Leadership Despite victory, trustees and settlers unhappy with Oglethorpe Oglethorpe returns to England in 1743, William Stephens new leader Two counties reunite into one—Savannah; grows after Spanish defeat Legislative assembly created, but has no lawmaking power -first assembly January 14, 1751, elects Francis Harris speaker -elects Henry Parker to succeed Stephens as colony president continued British Establish Control SECTION 3

27. NEXT Changing the Rules SECTION 3 Land 50-acre rule frustrates colonists, they want larger farms Land limit increased to 2,000 acres, women may now inherit property Rum Rum drinking, sale allowed in 1742; valuable for trading with natives Slavery Some colonists asking for slavery since colony’s start Slavery legalized in 1751; Scots Highlanders and Salzburgers oppose

28. NEXT New Royal Government Trustees return colony to king in 1752 a year before charter expires George II names John Reynolds first royal governor (1754) Royal government: governor, 12-man council, legislature -council advises governor: forms Assembly’s Upper House, Court of Error -19 colonists elected to Commons House of Assembly, later 25 SECTION 3 Continued... Becoming a Royal Colony Chart

29. NEXT SECTION 3 The Assembly Takes Action First assembly meets on January 7, 1755 Reorganizes militia, funds roads, bridges; creates paper bills of credit Establishes list of 10 crimes punishable by death Approves first slave code—basis for all future Georgia slavery laws Continued... continued Becoming a Royal Colony

30. NEXT A Change of Governors Reynolds disliked; tries to move capital, refuses advice from council Henry Ellis replaces him, 1758; inherits weak, infighting colony Restores colony in three years; is well-liked, respected -reforms government, divides Georgia into parishes, settles land claims -keeps Creek neutral during French and Indian War Resigns in early 1761, Lieutenant Governor James Wright replaces him continued Becoming a Royal Colony SECTION 3

31. NEXT A Voice in Government SECTION 3 Colonists Have Voice in Government Commons House of Assembly gave colonists political voice Forming Parishes Georgia divided into 8 districts—parishes—similar to modern counties -primarily for organizaton; religious, military bodies -members pay tax for church, poor England has hands-off policy—“salutary neglect”—toward colonies Colonists handle their own problems, Parliament’s laws rarely enforced

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