Nationalism in India A challenge to the European global order

How did the British Colonise India? Download British rule in India in the 19th Century activity from my blog Take a look at the first page with the two sources what conclusions can you come to about how the British conquered India and why? On the next page use the sources and information to complete the activity #1 and 2 For question #3: what conclusions can you come to, after reading all of the information on the second page, about how the British economically controlled India

Review Mauryan Empire & Ashoka 322 -185 BCE 1526 - 1757 1863-1902 1757 Mauryan Empire & Ashoka Gupta Empire – Golden Age of India Mughal- Muslims descendants of Genghis Khan (Taj Mahal) Review British East India Company takes control Swami Vivekananda – revival of Hinduism= national identity for Indians, but Muslims are seen as more separate Indian Rebellion of 1857 - Britain officially takes control of India 1858 1857- 1858

1857 Indian Rebellion Indian Rebellion of 1857 - Britain officially takes control of India 1858 Rani Lakshmiba - Indian Rebellion of 1857 and for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to the rule of the British East India Company in the subcontinent.

1881 First Census What happens when you begin counting Indians according to their religion? How will this impact politics? From the British Government in India We propose to show the distribution of the population- By religion By civil condition By age By birthplace and language By occupation By education

How did the World Wars impact colonies? Ordered to kill Europeans Vacated administrative posts given to natives Promises of autonomy in exchange for loyalty Promises not kept Horror of war lead to questions regarding European racial supremacy Economic disruptions = more support for nationalist movements

India’s path to independence

National Congress party Western educated Indians A study club to start Large cities Supported by British officials Loyal to the British The first Indian National Congress, 1885 Goals/Issues of Concern… which group of issues do you believe were of greater concern for the early National Congress? British believe – opinions of elite could be shared with British government – which would deter revolts More like a study group than a political party Lack organization and funds for fulltime employees for group --- those who cold lobby for demands But they do have a large base/following representation of Indians in local legislative positions End restriction for Indians to work in colonial government Drain of wealth from India to Britain Growing poverty

Meetings and the discovery of widespread racism Racism against Indians occurs throughout India Low salaries Lack of access to administrative jobs in government Realization of common struggle is UNIFYING!

Gaining support = Mass Movement Read Social foundations of a mass movement on page 786. Read Sources A-D on the Indian National Congress and answer the questions that follow each source 3. Complete a P.O.V. for one of the sources. Favoritism for British traders – steel for railways $ for British to pay for wars fought outside of Britain Push for cash crops = famine (cotton) --- to be used in British factories

Protection of Cows Tilak – Uses “being Hindu” Separates Muslims In Hinduism, the cow is a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving and a full Earthly life Protection of Cows A pamphlet protesting against the Muslim practice of beef-eating. The demon Kali (far right) attempts to slaughter the sacred cow, represented by "the mother of cows" Kamadhenu in whose body all deities are believed to reside. Tilak – Uses “being Hindu” Separates Muslims First to have a genuine mass following Imprisoned and exiled = loss of support There were also radical underground nationalist groups, but they never gained mass support The moderates will eventually take control – Western Educated lawyers – Gandhi- Nehru

India supports Britain WWI India supports Britain War bonds – even Gandhi helps Loans Soldiers Problems Arise Length of war causes loss of support Inflation Famine Shipping shortages From Britannica Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial. Resented by an aroused Indian public. All nonofficial Indian members of the council (i.e., those who were not officials in the colonial government) voted against the acts.Mahatma Gandhi organized a protest movement that led directly to the Massacre of Amritsar (April 1919) and subsequently to his noncooperation movement (1920–22). The acts were never actually implemented. British Solution Support for war will lead to self-rule Montague-Chelmsford – more legislative power Rowlett Act – reduces civil rights ME Connection? Balfour Declaration White Papers

Amritsar Massacre Video  (April 13, 1919), incident in which British troops fired on a crowd of unarmed Indian protesters, killing a large number. It left a permanent scar on Indo-British relations and was the prelude to Mahatma Gandhi’s noncooperation movement of 1920–22. Video

Mahatma Gandhi Arrives in India in 1915 Western education Responsible for making the independence movement a mass movement Nonviolence civil disobedience - Non cooperation movement Boycott British goods Quit government jobs Refuse to pay taxes Give up British titles/honors Download “Gandhi Opposing British rule” Answer questions A1-2 and B1-2 for now. 1922 Calls off noncooperation movement after police are hurt by angry mob sentenced to prison for 6 years only serves 2 Andrew Marr - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AmMWUSmHcY 2:30 – 10:10

India’s Nationalist Leaders All-India Muslim League Indian National Congress Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Muslim Mahatma Gandhi Hindu Pandit Nehru Hindu-atheist 50:00 – Punjab region - family killed

1947 Partition of India Partition lines drawn by a British civil servant in six weeks by using census data Cut through communities, railway lines and even houses Lines were kept secret until after independence British did not help to stop ethnic cleansing which followed 14 million migrated Death estimates (500,000 to1,000,000)

 vast camp for Muslim refugees waiting to be transported to Pakistan Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) won independence in 1948. East Pakistan broke away in 1971 and became the independent country of Bangladesh. 1947