1 Syntax 2

2 Now let’s change the NP rule again Such that we have – S  NP VP – VP  V NP – NP  (DET) (ADJ) N Now you can diagram this sentence – The unhappy book ate the green lambada – (The sentence is syntactically well-formed, by the way)

3 Figure out the two meanings The girl hit the boy with a stick 爸爸給小明買鹹蛋超人 This is called syntactic ambiguity

Deep and surface structure Translate: – “On the surface, George seems outgoing, but deep down he is sensitive and shy” Surface structure – The words used in a sentence Deep structure – The real meaning of the sentence 4

Deep and surface structure 2 1. The girl hit the boy with a stick – One surface structure – How many deep structures? 2. The boy was hit by the girl – Can you give another sentence with the same meaning as 2? 3. The girl hit the boy 2 and 3 have – The same deep structure – Different surface structures 5

Draw trees for 1-4. I will grade. 1. Roy laughed. 2. Wayne hit Johnny. 3. The students sang a nice song. 4. I saw the man with the telescope -Give two Chinese translations -Try to draw two trees S  NP VP VP  V (NP) NP  (DET) (ADJ) N New rules, for #4 only: VP  VP PP PP  P NP NP  NP PP 6

I saw the man with the telescope 7

8 Complements A complement  an object (of a verb) – Like fish here: There is another kind of complement – Sentential complement: – New rule: VP  V S

9 Complementizers (that, if etc.) Simple enough: Complementizer that is optional:

10 Other complementizers may not be optional Like if – More rules: CP  COMP S VP  V CP *We wonder Tracy ate her fish. Does Chinese have a complementizer which means that? Give examples of its use, and draw trees.

11 S  NP aux VP Draw phrase structure trees for the following utterances. 1. John drinks. 2. John drinks beer with a straw ( 吸管 ) 3. Jane believes John drinks beer. 4. John must drink beer. 5. Jane wonders whether John must drink beer.

12 爸爸給小明買鹹蛋超人

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