CERN AWAKE Project Status Edda Gschwendtner for the CERN AWAKE Project Team

Outline Introduction Project organization AWAKE at CNGS AWAKE at West Area SPS beam bunch compression Other issues Summary E. Gschwendtner

Introduction AWAKE: A Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment High Gradient Acceleration: needs high peak power and structures that can sustain high fields LHC: 5 MV/m ILC: 35 MV/m CLIC: 100 MV/m beam/laser-driven plasma: ~10 GV/m Example: SLAC (2007) 50GV/m over 0.8m with electron-driven PWA  some electrons doubled energy from 42GeV to 80GeV Advantage of proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration: high stored energy available in the driver many kJ of stored energy  Reduces drastically the number of required driver stages.  Proof-of principle demonstration experiment proposed at SPS first beam-driven wakefield acceleration experiment in Europe the first Proton-Driven PWA experiment worldwide. E. Gschwendtner

Introduction June 2012: Official CERN AWAKE project: project-budget mandate sent by S. Myers to CERN departments Identify the best site for the installation of the facility on the SPS (West Area, CNGS) Carry out a study covering the design of the proton beam-line, the experimental area and all interfaces and services at CERN. produce parts of CDR under CERN responsibility CDR includes detailed budget, CERN manpower and schedule plans for design, construction, installation and commissioning. Deliverables:  Q1 2013:  Conceptual Design Report to the A&T sector Management and the SPSC E. Gschwendtner

Introduction + - Ez Proton beam Driving force: Space charge of drive beam displaces plasma electrons. Restoring force: Plasma ions exert restoring force.  plasma wavelength lp =1mm, (for typical plasma density of np = 1015cm-3 )  Maximal axial electric field: Ez,max = Nprotons/bunch sz (rms bunch length)  also drive beam sz of 1mm But: SPS beam: rms length of sz~12cm Would need bunch-compression or Modulate long SPS bunch to produce a series of ‘micro-bunches’ in a plasma with a spacing of plasma wavelength lp. Strong self-modulation effect of proton beam due to transverse wakefield in plasma Starts from any perturbation and grows exponentially until fully modulated E. Gschwendtner

Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration  Produce an accelerator with mm (or less) scale ‘cavities’ Proton beam: drive beam (12cm) modulated in micro-bunches (1mm) after ~several meters drives the axial electric field Laser pulse: ionization of plasma and seeding of bunch-modulation Electron beam: accelerated beam injected off-axis some meters downstream along the plasma-cell, merges with the proton bunch once the modulation is developed. laser pulse proton bunch gas Plasma Electron bunch Plasma cell (10m)  Particle-in-cell simulations predict acceleration of injected electrons to beyond 1 GeV. E. Gschwendtner

AWAKE Experimental Program Goal: Proof-of-principle demonstration experiment Long-term: design a new set of experiments leading to real collider application To get there: study bunch-modulation of the proton beam (  axial electric field) Measure parameters of the accelerated electron bunch Comparison of data/simulations Use variety of diagnostics (transition radiation, spectrometer,…) to understand process Vary number of parameters (plasma density, electron injection point, beam intensity, bunch-length, emittance,… ) to learn dependence on parameters Use compressed proton bunch to understand scaling with proton bunch length  higher gradients expected. In parallel: continue studying producing short, high-energy proton bunches. Time-scale proposed by collaboration: End 2014: Demonstrate 0.1% uniformity and complete operational 10m plasma cell(s)  ready for beam in 2015 E. Gschwendtner

AWAKE Collaboration 25 institutes: Germany, UK, Portugal, USA, France, India, China, Norway, USA Spokesperson: Allen Caldwell, MPI Deputy spokesperson: Matthew Wing, UCL Experimental coordinator: Patric Muggli, MPI Simulations coordinator: Konstantin Lotov, Budker INP Accelerator coordinator: Edda Gschwendtner, CERN CERN AWAKE Project Leader  See next slide E. Gschwendtner

CERN AWAKE Project Structure A& T sector management: Engineering, Beams, Technology Departments CERN AWAKE Project Project leader: Edda Gschwendtner Deputy: Chiara Bracco Injectors and Experimental Facilities Committee (IEFC) WP1: Project Management Edda Gschwendtner WP2: SPS beam Elena Shaposhnikova WP3: Primary beam-lines Chiara Bracco WP4: Experimental Area Edda Gschwendtner Radiation Protection: Helmut Vincke Civil Engineering: John Osborne General Safety and Environment: Andre Jorge Henriques General Services: CV, EL, access, storage, handling E. Gschwendtner

Beam Specifications Laser: 30fs, 800nm, ~TW Proton Beam Nominal Beam Energy 450 GeV Bunch intensity 3×1011 p Number of bunches 1 Repetition rate 0.03 Hz Transverse norm. emittance 3.3-3.5 mm Transverse beam size (at b*=5m) 0.2 mm Angle accuracy <0.05 mrad Pointing accuracy <0.5 mm Energy spread 0.34% (rms) Bunch length 12 cm Energy in bunch 21 kJ Electron Beam Value Beam Energy 5 or 10 or 20 MeV Bunch intensity 108-9 electrons Bunch length 0.165mm<l<1mm Laser: 30fs, 800nm, ~TW Run-scenario Nominal Number of run-periods/year 4 Length of run-period 2 weeks Total number of beam shots/year (100% efficiency) 162000 Total number of protons/year 4.86×1016 p Relaxed proton beam requirements for the first years of run However, long-term goal is to get shorter longitudinal beams (Bunch-compression, Continue MDs!) R & D facility:  frequent access to plasma cell, laser, etc… needed. E. Gschwendtner

Experimental Layout e- Plasma-cell Proton beam dump Laser dump RF gun Laser dump OTR Streak camera CTR EO diagnostic e- spectrometer e- SPS protons ~3m 10m 15m 20m >10m 10m E. Gschwendtner

SPS CNGS West Area E. Gschwendtner

Facility Site I: CNGS E. Gschwendtner

CNGS To compare with AWAKE: 0.03 Hz cycle repetition rate CNGS Parameters Proton beam energy from SPS 400 GeV/c Cycle repetition rate 0.17 Hz Number of extractions/cycle 2 Protons per cycle 2x2.4E13 Proton pulse length 10.5 ms Beam power (max.) 510 kW Beam size at target (s) 0.5mm Protons/year 4.5E19 To compare with AWAKE: 0.03 Hz cycle repetition rate 3E11 protons per cycle 4.9E16 protons/year ~Factor 100 less protons/extraction ~Factor 1000 less protons/year CNGS is a running facility since 2006 at the desired beam parameters. + Underground facility! Proton beam and secondary beam-line fully equipped and running All services (CV, EL, access, …) in place and used E. Gschwendtner

CNGS – AWAKE Facility AWAKE experimental facility at CNGS upstream the CNGS target: Keep flexibility in case CNGS would restart Main part of the beam is dumped in hadron stop Service gallery Target Horn TSG41 Storage gallery (120 m) Proton beam line TT41 Junction chamber Target chamber Access Gallery E. Gschwendtner

CNGS Target Area (Target and Horns) Helmut Vincke Separate CNGS target area from upstream area Add shielding wall Keeping strict access conditions for CNGS target area Allows to cool-down target/horns for any further handling Keep ventilation system to avoid corrosion, etc… in order to have easy handling for later dismantling (preventing 2nd WANF experience) Target Horn TSG41 (120 m) Proton beam line TT41 Junction chamber Target chamber Access Gallery E. Gschwendtner

CNGS – Proton Beam Line X Chiara Bracco Existing SPS extraction, no changes needed Magnets exist Beam instrumentation exists (some modifications/cabling) Minor changes at the end of the proton-line for: New final focusing Interface between Laser and proton beam Aperture ok, no conflict with integration. Present Layout New Layout 1 QTG removed 2 QTLD X 1 QTLD + 1 QTS 3 QTLF 1 QTS removed E. Gschwendtner

CNGS – AWAKE Facility Ans Pardons Damien Brethoux Vincent Clerc Shielding wall RF gun + space for handling RF Gun cooling Klystron Laser RF Gun Primary pump laser SAS Power supply Optic table Laser for seeding TI:sapphire camera El. Spect. magnet SAS OTR screen Plasma Cell Optic table DIPOLE Ans Pardons Damien Brethoux Vincent Clerc Laser diagnostic Power supply laser Junction laser system and proton E. Gschwendtner

CNGS – Infrastructure Access, fire, safety system Electricity Rui Nunes, Silvia Grau Davide Bozzini Michele Battistin, Dominique Missiaen Access, fire, safety system Exists, modifications needed Existing access could be moved down the tunnel to create ‘control room area’ in access gallery.  Modification of access system: ~50kCHF Electricity Infrastructure exists Changes and/or extensions of the low voltage layout to be considered to adapt the sockets layout  ~250kCHF Cooling and Ventilation Infrastructure exists, modifications needed: E.g.: overpressure and temperature controlled service gallery Survey 1-2 months,  ~60kCHF With today’s beam-line and experimental area design (+needs from equipment) studies on services infrastructure are ongoing  estimates expected by end Dec 2012! E. Gschwendtner

CNGS – RP Considerations Helmut Vincke Control room in CNGS access gallery possible, but needs Dose rate due to prompt radiation low enough Fresh air, no radioactive air from experiment Appropriate access system Assess beam loss in upstream part of TT41. Beam is dumped on hadron stop  No issue with prompt dose from muons Installation of shielding wall between AWAKE experimental area and CNGS target area reduces dose rate inside the AWAKE area. Assume that dose rate in AWAKE experimental area comes from CNGS target station and to lower level from surrounding activated wall. First estimate for required wall thickness: 80cm of concrete Civil engineering (drilling holes) Activation level to be analyzed and precautions defined. Collimator upstream the CNGS target must be remotely removed. Tritium issue: Evaporator to be installed independently of AWAKE facility, so OK. E. Gschwendtner

Facility Site II: West Area Proposed in LOI, 2011 TT61 TT4 TT5 Beam from TCC6 - SPS AWAKE 183 Until 2004: West Area used as experimental beam facility. West Area today: Proton beam line TT61: ~empty TT4 and TT5: storage area for (radioactive) magnets  Needed during LS1 E. Gschwendtner

West Area – RP issues 600 m Helmut Vincke uSv/h Contour line 1E-3 uSv/h < 10 uSv/year 450 GeV @ 2˚ tilted beam dump (impact at –2 m) AWAKE dump 600 m CERN fence West hall 10 mSv/year Muon dose at CERN fence (10 uSv/year) and outside buildings (100 uSv/year) feasible with dump design proposed by RP Losses at beam line must be kept at a bare minimum (maximum of ~1012 protons per year + additional shielding required) Dose inside Bldg. 183/TT5/TT4 Bldg 183: many work shops and offices  relocate them or reclassify areas + additional shielding Access to n-TOF: either access restriction or several meters of shielding beside beam line Air activation Beam line + dump area needs to be confined from accessible areas Dedicated ventilation system required E. Gschwendtner

West Area – Consequences For a surface installation of dump: bend beam by about 10° or Dump impact at ~2 m underground: tilt beam by 2°. Build a beam-trench in TT4/TT5  civil engineering 300 GeV beam to fit into TT61 and TT4/TT5 + To cope with beam losses: shielding at surface to forward and lateral direction. E. Gschwendtner

West Area - Civil Engineering Aspects John Osborne, Antoine Kosmicki Trench work concentrated on TT4/TT5 TT5 TT4 3.5m x 3.5m trench, 100m long ~1.1MCHF, ~10months 66 kV power line BUT: Technical gallery between TT4 and TT5! 18kV & 66kV power lines: backbone of the CERN grid Installation until end 2012 18kV  Dig trench in TT5 and B183 E. Gschwendtner

West Area – Proton Beam Line Chiara Bracco TT60 from SPS TI 2 to LHC HiRadMat facility TT61 tunnel to west hall HiRadMat primary beam line (TT66) Modification of TT66 8 new switching magnets Magnets needed: 8 MBS 17 vertical bending magnets 2 horizontal bending magnets 25 Quads (18 in TT61 + 7 final focusing) Power Converters needed: ~ 10 units Beam instrumentation needed: ~15 BPMs ~10 BTVs Time estimate: New magnets and PC design: 3 years Re-use existing equipment (inventory needed)  cabling anyhow needed  start only after LS1 E. Gschwendtner

West Area – Proton Beam Line Chiara Bracco To respect all geometric and RP constraints: reduce beam energy to 300 GeV  OK for experiment b = 3.7 m  s = 200 mm: feasible! m dump ~2° angle Dump depth: 1.4 m + Old Line New Line - Tunnel technical gallery B183 TT5 TT4 TT61 m E. Gschwendtner

West Area – Experimental Area Ans Pardons Damien Brethoux Vincent Clerc Laser, electron-source TT4 TT5 Plasma-cell diagnostics Beam-dump Technical galleries E. Gschwendtner

West Area – Infrastructure Electricity New 18kV supply from substation ME59 to existing substation Complete new low voltage distribution Cleaning of existing cable trays to host new EL and experiment cables 750kCHF Cooling and Ventilation Pumping system, cooling towers, piping connections need refurbishment, redoing, some of them could maybe be used Separate ventilation systems for proton beam-line, experimental area and dump Access system New access point is necessary in place of TT61 New sector for patrolling of new injection line with 1-2 sector doors New sector and 1-2 emergency exit doors or material doors for AWAKE area All EIS-beam connected (cabled) to BA7 200kCHF Safety, Fire system to be studied Survey 5 months ~140kCHF Dump design ongoing Davide Bozzini Michele Battistin Rui Nunes Silvia Grau Dominique Missiaen Vasilis Vlachoudis Thanasis Manousos With today’s beam-line and experimental area design (+needs from equipment) studies on services infrastructure ongoing  estimates expected by end Dec 2012! E. Gschwendtner

CNGS vs West Area – Incomplete! Proton beam line magnets + Exist - To be done Beam instrumentation + Exist, some modifications needed Prompt dose issues (muon dose) + OK - Consequences on shielding, West Area classification, on beam energy, and/or limited number of extractions! Shielding issues - Target chamber must be shielded:  Target, horns. Need long cool-down to remove. - Beam losses: need forward and lateral shielding - Shielding for nTOF Civil engineering -+ Drill holes only. - Dig trench in TT5 - Technical gallery btw. TT4/TT5 Size of experimental area -+ OK, but tight Control room - Inside tunnel or ECA4 - New building needed Access, fire, gas system + Exists, - long distance to access experimental area  make ‘control room area’ in access gallery - New access and fire/gas system E. Gschwendtner

CNGS vs West Area – Incomplete! Electricity + Exists - needs some modifications - To be done, refurbished, renewed Cooling, ventilation - To be done refurbished, renewed - Air tightness + dedicated ventilation system of installation required. Storage issues + can use storage gallery - TT4/TT5 is radioactive material storage area: full with stored magnets, etc… area needed in LS1.  Find space for stored material! Beam dump + OK, exists - Must be newly built - lot of shielding needed - Optimization of dump design Vacuum system - Exist for proton beam line - To be done Survey - New network points in experimental area.  1-2 months - New network point along beam line and experimental area, fiducials, …  5 months Additional Safety Measures - Laser - Klystron - … - ….  Further Studies Needed! E. Gschwendtner

Bunch Compression Studies in SPS T. Argyropoulos, H. Bartosik, T. Bohl, J. Esteban Muller, A. Petrenko, G. Rumolo, E. Shaposhnikova,H. Timko Maximum axial electric field from drive beam in the plasma-cell depends on bunch-length of drive beam! Strong interest to study bunch compression 2 MDs: Bunch-rotation tests: 11 July 2012, 30 October 2012 Bunch length reduced using rotation by 30% (as compared to adiabatic voltage increase)  still some room for improvement with jump to unstable phase (HW available after LS1) Bunch intensity varied (PSB) from 2.6E11 to 3.6E11 protons per bunch (more stable bunches with Q20). Round beam with emittance of ~2 um for intensity of 3E11 protons. E. Gschwendtner

Possible Collaboration of the AWAKE Collaboration with CERN Electron source: Eventually UK did not get the funding to build the electron source. AWAKE Collaboration tries to find other ways EU synergy grant (deadline January 2013) China, Novosibirsk (Budker-Institute) Use PHIN injector as electron source? To be clarified in next weeks. Laser: Idea is that the laser for the electron source together with the laser for the plasma-source is provided by the experimental groups. Will be tested with the plasma cell at institutes. Must be well synchronized. Collaboration with CERN useful though for installation, interface, safety,… Diagnostics: Experimental groups provide diagnostics instrumentation, but CERN BE-BI very interested to collaborate Vacuum system: Valve system is needed in the plasma-cell to let the beam pass from the beam-line into the plasma-cell  lots of know-how in TE-VSC. E. Gschwendtner

Summary Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration is a unique accelerator R&D experiment at CERN. Studies for the CERN AWAKE facility are advancing well SPS beam studies proton beam-line design experimental area Input for infrastructure studies and design Collaboration of CERN with the AWAKE Collaboration for specific issues From preliminary studies CNGS (underground area – fewer RP issues):  Beam possible in 2015, when: Only reusing proton beam-line and no major modifications are needed (e.g. dismantling of CNGS target, horns,…) West Area (surface area – RP issues):  Beam not available before 2017: New magnets, build new storage area, trench (civil engineering), new service installations,… More detailed studies continue and will be summarized in the CDR  to be delivered by March 2013! E. Gschwendtner

Additional slides E. Gschwendtner

CNGS - Laser Integration with p-Beam Chiara Bracco Last MBG Laser Proton Beam Laser mirror: 20 m upstream entrance plasma cell 12.5 m upstream of last MBG  30.7 mm offset between proton and laser beam at mirror needed clearance: 23mm OK! Aperture along the line: OK  No conflict with integration studies! Last QTL E. Gschwendtner

West Area - Access System Rui Nunes West Area: Need new access system of ‘primary area type’ (higher level of risk exposure and radiation classfication) Turnstile and material access door needed, passive beam stopper, Interlock system shared with HiRadMat and LHC (to be modified) De-coupled from nTOF area TT61 Access Point Existing/new beam line nTOF Access Point Access gallery for nTOF/TT61 Shielding/Civil Eng. Must leave path for access to nTOF E. Gschwendtner