1. Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration – AWAKE – Project

2. Outline Introduction Plasma Wakefield Acceleration
Mandate of the AWAKE project
AWAKE Project Structure and Organization
AWAKE Project Studies
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

3. Why
In recent years several Laser or Electron-driven Plasma Wakefield experiments:
E.g. SLAC (2007) 50GV/m over 0.8m with electron-driven PWA  some electrons doubled energy from 42GeV to 80GeV
Advantage of proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration:
high stored energy available in the driver.
Existing proton bunches carry many kJ of stored energy (high power lasers carry 1-5 J)
Reduces drastically the number of required driver stages.
 Proof-of principle demonstration experiment proposed at SPS:
first beam-driven wakefield acceleration experiment in Europe, and the first Proton-Driven PWA experiment worldwide.
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

4. Introduction Letter of Intent: positive review in SPSC October 2011
Research Board December 2011:
 submit Conceptual Design Report during following year
June 2012:
Official CERN AWAKE project (including project-budget) with mandate sent by S. Myers to DHs.
CERN project leader (E.G.)
 organize CERN efforts to produce parts of CDR under CERN responsibility
CDR includes detailed budget, CERN manpower and schedule plans for design, construction, installation and commissioning.
Deliverables:
End 2012:  preliminary report summarizing the ongoing study to the A&T sector Management
Q1 2013:  Conceptual Design Report to the A&T sector Management.
AWAKE collaboration: 25 institutes
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

5. Principle of Plasma Wakefield Acceleration I+ - Ez
Drive beam
 Produce an accelerator with mm (or less) scale ‘cavities’
Space charge of drive beam displaces plasma electrons.
Plasma ions exert restoring force. np
Plasma electrons oscillate with:
Plasma wavelength:
e.g. for typical plasma density of np = 1015cm-3  lp =1mm
Ez,max =
Nprotons/bunch
sz (rms bunch length)
Maximal axial electric field:
With plasma wavelength of 1mmalso drive beam rms length of 1mm
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

6. Principle of Plasma Wakefield Acceleration II
SPS beam: rms length of ~12cm
But strong self-modulation effect of proton beam due to transverse wakefield in plasma
Starts from any perturbation and grows exponentially until fully modulated.
Ultra-short bunch slices are naturally produced with a spacing of plasma wavelength lp.
p-beam density profile after 4.8m propagation in plasma.
Seeding of bunch modulation with laser:
 Ionization of Plasma
 Produce start of bunch-modulation in a controlled way
Figure 1: On-axis proton beam density profile after 4:8 m propagation in a plasma. is the distance
along the bunch in units of c=!p. The beam density is given in units of the plasma density, here taken as
cm􀀀3.
Intense short laser pulse co-propagates with proton bunch.
 plasma get ionized at fixed position.
 generates large perturbation and seeds modulation.
laser pulse
proton bunch
gas
Plasma
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

7. Principle of Plasma Wakefield Acceleration III
Inject electron beam to accelerate
Electron bunch injected off-axis at an angle and some metres downstream along the plasma-cell:
 merges with the proton bunch once the modulation is developed.
Longitudinal electric field generated in plasma as function of propagation distance.  MV/m.
Figure 1: On-axis proton beam density profile after 4:8 m propagation in a plasma. is the distance
along the bunch in units of c=!p. The beam density is given in units of the plasma density, here taken as
cm􀀀3.
 Particle-in-cell simulations predict acceleration of injected electrons to beyond 1 GeV.
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

8. Experimental Layout e- Plasma-cell Proton beam dump Laser dump
RF gun
Laser
dump
OTR
Streak camera
CTR
EO diagnostic
e- spectrometer e-
SPS
protons
~3m
10m
15m?
20m
10m?
10m
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

9. Beam Specifications Proton beam specifications
Electron beam specifications
Parameter
Nominal
Beam Energy
450 GeV
Bunch intensity
3×1011 p
Number of bunches 1
Repetition rate
0.03 Hz
Transverse norm. emittance mm
Transverse beam size (at b*=5m)
0.2 mm
Bunch length
12 cm
Energy in bunch
21 kJ
Number of run-periods/year 4
Length of run-period
2 weeks
Total number of beam shots/year (100% efficiency)
162000
Total number of protons/year
4.86×1016 p
Parameter
Value
Beam Energy
5 or 10 or 20 MeV
Bunch intensity
108 electrons
Bunch length
0.165mm<l<1mm
Repetition rate
0.03 Hz
Transverse norm. emittance
< 25 mm mrad
Transverse beam size (at beta*=?m) ??
Angle(mrad)
~5-20 mrad
Laser:
30fs, 800nm, ~TW.
R & D facility:  frequent access to plasma cell, laser, etc… needed.
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

10. Mandate of CERN AWAKE Project
Identify the best site for installation of the facility on the SPS by carrying out a study covering:
The design of the proton beam-line from the SPS to the entry point of the plasma cell, to meet the required parameters.
The design of the downstream beam-line from the plasma cell to the beam dump.
The design the common beam-line for the proton, electron and laser light beam at the entry into the plasma cell. Specification of the parameters for these incoming beams.
The design of the experimental area (envelope) considering layout optimization of all components in the area.
The study of access possibilities and assess radiation and safety aspects.
The study of the general infrastructures (Civil Engineering, Access, CV, EL, transport, handling, control).
The physics program that could be carried out on each site.
The comparison of the cost and of the schedule of the alternative sites.
Based on the study, recommend a site for the facility and deliver the chapters, covering the beam line, the experimental area and all interfaces and services at CERN, in the conceptual design report (CDR) of the AWAKE CERN facility. The CDR should include the points mentioned in the section above plus the following information:
Specification of the baseline beam parameters to be used for the design.
Predictions of measurable quantities in the diagnostic instrumentation.
Specification of diagnostic instrumentation in the experimental area.
Design and interface with the electron beam up to the plasma cell.
Study all interfaces between the different systems (plasma cell, electron beam, proton beam, laser…)
Evaluation of time scale and costs of all items at a level needed for the CDR.
Evaluate dismantling feasibility and cost.
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

11. AWAKE Project Structure
AWAKE Collaboration
Spokesperson: Allen Caldwell
Deputy: Matthew Wing
Experiment Coordinator
Patric Muggli
Simulation/Theory Coordinator
Konstantin Lotov
Accelerator & Infrastructure Coordinator
Edda Gschwendtner (CERN Project leader)
TASKS
Metal Vapor Plasma Cell
Erdem Öz, MPP
Simulations
Konstantin Lotov
Beam-Lines
Chiara Bracco
Helicon Plasma Cell
Olaf Grülke, IPP
Experimental Area
Edda Gschwendtner
Pulsed Discharge Plasma Cell
Nelson Lopes, IST Lisbon
Radiation Protection
Helmut Vincke
Electron Spectrometer
Simon Jolly, UCL
Optical Diagnostics
Peter Norreys, CLF, RAL (tbc)
Electron Source
Tim Noakes, ASTeC
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

12. CERN AWAKE Project Structure
A& T sector management:
Engineering, Beams, Technology Departments
CERN AWAKE Project
Project leader: Edda Gschwendtner
Deputy: Chiara Bracco
Injectors and Experimental Facilities Committee (IEFC)
WP1: Project Management
Edda Gschwendtner
WP2: SPS beam
Elena Chapochnikova
WP3: Primary beam-lines
Chiara Bracco
WP4: Experimental Area
Edda Gschwendtner
Radiation Protection: Helmut Vincke
Civil Engineering: John Osborne
General Safety and Environment: Andre Jorge Henriques
General Services: CV, EL, access, storage, handling
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

13. WP1: Project Management
E.G.
Specification and engineering documents (EDMS)
Project cost and schedule
Resource planning and scheduling with groups and departments
Quality control, documentation and final acceptance
Safety file and safety officer
WP2: SPS beam
Elena Chapochnikova
Specifications for RF bunch compression studies
Specifications for bunch compression requirements
Interface to SPS beam
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

14. WP3 Primary beam-lines Chiara Bracco EDMS:
Collection of geometrical, beam parameters, optical requirements and constraints
Design of beam-line geometry and optics
Specification of main, correction and switch magnet parameters, associated powering parameters, beam instrumentation
Design of interface of different beam-lines (merging magnets, fast shutter, laser, etc…)
Definition of vacuum chamber aperture, pumping and sectorisation required.
Specification of magnet and pickup support and alignment structures
Specification of requirements for cabling, cooling&ventilation, interlock system, control& alarm, doors, access.
Integration studies
Technical coordination of studies, construction, installation and commissioning of all systems
Transport and handling needs, installation logistics, storage studies
Definition of naming convention, commissioning strategy
ECRs as required (for changes in TT60)
Planning for design, construction, assembly, test and commissioning
Dose rate and activation studies
RP monitoring system
Radioactive waste study and preferred material checks
Decommissioning impact/cost studies
Safety, including safety folders
EDMS:
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

15. WP4 Experimental Area E.G. EDMS:
Conceptual design of secondary beam-lines
Specification of secondary beam instrumentation
Specifications of shielding, dumps (with RP)
Specification of interaction region p/e/laser/cell
Layout and Integration studies
Specification of infrastructure needs
Layout of shielding
Layout of beam dump(s)
Interface with laser
Specification of requirements for cabling, cooling & ventilation
Specification for interlock system, control& alarm, doors, access.
Storage studies
Integration studies
Transport and handling needs, installation logistics
Coordination of installation
Definition of naming convention, commissioning strategy
ECRs as required
Technical coordination of studies, construction, installation and commissioning of all systems
Planning for design, construction, assembly, test and commissioning
Dose rate and activation studies
RP monitoring system
Radioactive waste study and preferred material checks
Decommissioning impact/cost studies
Safety, including safety folders
EDMS:
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

16. CERN AWAKE Project Organization
 INDICO:
 Weekly (Project mgt team)
 monthly
 bi-weekly (Collaboration board)
Each work-packages organizes their corresponding meeting.
Depending on issues, people are invited to CERN project team meeting
Work-package meetings
 To be setup by WP leader, starts now!
 EDMS:
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

17. Milestones 18-19 October 2012 (Collaboration Mtg @ CERN): End 2012:
West Area:
Proton beam-line design
Layout of experimental area
First studies on CNGS
End 2012:
Submission of a preliminary report summarizing the ongoing study to the A&T sector Management by December 2012
 comparison of different sites
Q1 2013:
Submission of the Conceptual Design Report to the A&T sector Management.
 including detailed budget, CERN manpower and schedule plans for design, construction, installation and commissioning.
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

18. Facility Site I: West Area
1.) In LoI proposal to use West Area TT61/TT4/TT5 as experimental area.
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

19. Facility Site II: CNGS
2.) Alternative experimental area (underground): CNGS
 decision on continuation of CNGS not yet taken  start with West Area studies.
hadron absorber
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

20. West Area TT5 TT4 TT61 183 AWAKE Beam from TCC6 - SPS
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

21. West Area
TT5
TT4
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

22. West Area
Beam from TT61
TT4
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

23. West Area
TT4
Beam from TT61
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

24. West Area
TT4
Beam from TT61
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

25. West Area
TT5
Beam from TT61
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

26. West Area Integration Studies
Ans Pardons, Sylvain Girod EN/MEF
TT61
TT4
TT5
Beam from TCC6 - SPS
AWAKE
183
Integration of AWAKE equipment in experimental area in TT4.
The beam dump is at the end of TT5. a c b
Plasma cell f g
RF gun k i e h d j
~70m
TT5
dump
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

27. Beam Impact on Dump  Muon Dose Estimates I
Helmut Vincke DGS/RP
West hall
CERN fence
Make sure that radiation levels from muons are below RP criteria:
Optimization criteria: dose rate at end of West hall must be below 100 mSv/year and at CERN fence below 10 mSv/year
Distance between beam impact point and end of West hall: ~300 m
Distance between beam impact point to CERN fence: ~600 m
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

28. Beam Impact on Dump  Muon Dose Estimates II
Helmut Vincke DGS/RP
Several simulations were performed to check the muon dose estimates (for 1/30Hz and 3E13 p/shot).
Plasma cell
dump
Proton beam
In case the beam is bent by 2 degrees towards the soil and the beam impacts the dump
2m below the surface both dose rates outside the West hall and outside the CERN territory
fulfill the optimization criteria. Muon Dose from beam dump is manageable.
West hall
CERN fence
dump
600m
300m
Plasma cell
BUT: dose from beam-losses must be further studied!
As a consequence of these first studies:
 Build a trench in TT4/TT5!
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

29. Studies on Proton Beam Line Design
Top view
Chiara Bracco TE/ABT
Laser
Side view
p+ beam
MBA QD
MBA
MBA
Floor QF QD QF
Plasma cell
MBB
Preliminary design!!
Dump
Beam bent by 2°
Studies on Proton Beam Line Design
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

30. West Area Civil-engineering studies:
John Osborne, Antoine Kosmicki, GS-SE
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

31. Facility Site II: CNGS
2.) Alternative experimental area (underground): CNGS
 decision on continuation of CNGS not yet taken  start with West Area studies.
hadron absorber
100m extraction together with LHC, 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso, 120m long focusing section
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

32. CNGS Layout Access Gallery TSG41 Storage gallery TSG40
Target
Junction chamber / TCC4
Proton beam line TT41
Horn
TSG41
TCV4
Storage gallery TSG40
TSG4 tap can be removed
TSG41 tap can be moved inside TCV4 – TSG41
TSG4 - racks
Access Gallery TSG41
(120 m)
Proton beam line TT41
Junction chamber TCC4
Target chamber TSG4
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

33. CNGS
Proton beam-line
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

34. CNGS
Junction chamber TCC4
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

35. West Area vs CNGS To be studied! West Area CNGS Proton beam line
To be done
Most of it exists
Prompt dose issues
(muon dose, beam dump)
To be improved/built civil engineering!
OK, under control
Size of experimental area
Seems OK
Small, needs to be enlarged?!
Access flexibility
Experimental area nearby
Long access to experimental area …
To be studied!
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

36. Collaboration time-scale
Plasma-Cell:
Dec 2013
Demonstrate at least one technology for a plasma length 5m with 1015 cm-3 , uniformity better than 2%, define baseline choice(s)
Demonstrate seeding in experimental tests, define baseline
Dec 2014
Demonstrate 1% uniformity and complete operational plasma cell(s)
Aug 2015
Beam to plasma-cell in experimental facility
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

37. Summary Awaken the AWAKE project!!
CERN AWAKE project started in June 2012
 official project, with mandate and project budget
 Many studies needed to deliver a CDR in Q1 2013
Expertise in many different domains
Start now
Awaken the AWAKE project!!
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

38. Additional slides
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

39. Ingredients Plasma Cell Metal vapor, a la SLAC experiment:
Max Planck Institute for Physics
Laser:
Plasma ionization
Seeding the proton-bunch modulation
 30fs, 800nm, ~TW
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

40. Ingredients Electron beam: ~10 MeV
Electron bunch
Proton bunch
Electron beam:
~10 MeV
Electron bunch injected off-axis at an angle and some metres downstream:
 merges with the proton bunch once the modulation is developed.
Diagnostics:
Proton beam diagnostics: study modulation process as bunch passes through plasma.
Proton bunch longitudinal profile
Electron beam diagnostics: study acceleration from 10MeV/c to up to 2000MeV/c
 Electron spectrometer
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

41. CERN AWAKE Project Structure
Project leader: Edda Gschwendtner
WP1: Project Management
Edda Gschwendtner
WP2: SPS beam
Elena Chapochnikova
RF Issues
WP3: Primary beam-lines
Chiara Bracco
Warm magnets (proton and electron beam)
Power converters
Vacuum
Beam instrumentation
Radioprotection
Civil Engineering
Electrical distribution and cabling
Cooling and ventilation
Transport
Integration
Design office
Control
Planning
Beam transfer
WP4: Experimental Area
Edda Gschwendtner
Secondary beam line
Secondary beam diagnostics
Spectrometer
Interface p/e/laser plasma cell
Beam dump
Radioprotection
Civil engineering
Electrical distribution and cabling
Cooling and ventilation
Transport
Layout & Integration
Control
Planning
Design office
Radiation Protection: Helmut Vincke
General Safety and Environment: Andre Jorge Henriques
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

42. WP3 Primary beam-lines Composition of WG3: Beam transfer
EDMS Structure:
Beam transfer
Warm magnets (proton and electron beam)
Power converters
Vacuum
Beam instrumentation
Radioprotection
Civil Engineering
Electrical distribution and cabling
Cooling and ventilation
Transport
Integration
Design office
Control
Storage
Planning
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

43. WP4 Experimental Area Composition of WG4:
EDMS Structure:
Interface p/e/laser with plasma cell
Secondary beam line
Secondary beam diagnostics
Electron spectrometer
Beam dump
Shielding
Laser
Radioprotection
Civil engineering
Electrical distribution and cabling
Cooling and ventilation
Transport and handling needs
Layout & Integration
Control
Planning
Storage
Design office
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

44. First Studies on Proton Beam Line Design
Chiara Bracco TE/ABT
Beam bent by 2°
As a consequence of these first studies:
 Build a trench in TT4/TT5!
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

45. CNGS Primary Beam Line
100m extraction together with LHC, 620m long arc to bend towards
Gran Sasso, 120m long focusing section
Magnet System:
73 MBG Dipoles
1.7 T nominal field at 400 GeV/c
20 Quadrupole Magnets
Nominal gradient 40 T/m
12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentation:
23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
recuperated from LEP
Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in air
mechanically coupled to target
8 Beam profile monitors
Optical transition radiation monitors: 75 mm carbon or 12 mm titanium screens
2 Beam current transformers
18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012

46. Side view
Target
E. Gschwendtner, 4/9/2012