Conflict, Security, & Cooperation

About C, S, & C Types of Force ◦ Conventional ◦ Unconventional Approaches to State Security ◦ The cooperation continuum

ABOUT CONFLICT, COOPERATION, & SECURITY

4 Main Conflict Changes over Time 1. Increase in arms transfers ◦ Cold War and post-Cold War

4 Main Conflict Changes over Time 2. Increase in severity ◦ Technology

4 Main Conflict Changes over Time 3. Increase in frequency ◦ Decolonization ◦ Civil unrest  map

4 Main Conflict Changes over Time 4. Change in focus of security ◦ Guns and bombs ◦ Human security  GN v. GS Guatemalan Convenience Store Guard UNDOC.org

Consequences of Conflict Creates hostilities Interferes with trade Forestalls development Spill-over effect Emigration

TYPES OF FORCE

Conventional Force Conventional Legitimate control of force Disputes between states Disputes within states

Unconventional Force: States Special operations  Overt v. Covert State-sponsored terrorism  Sudan, Afghanistan, Somalia  al-Qaeda  Rwanda  M23 Congo rebels- mapmap

Rwanda- backed

Unconventional Force: Non-States Non-states ◦ Terrorist acts ◦ Cyber attacks ◦ Piracy

Unconventional: Non-State Terrorism What is it? Targets ◦ Domestic, int’l Objectives ◦ Attention ◦ Challenge gov’t  Coup d’état  Assassinations, guerrilla warfare  Peru’s Shining Path ◦ Independence  Basques: Eta

Terrorist Acts: Domestic Why might domestic opposition be considered terrorism? Kurdish Worker’s PartyKurdish Worker’s Party (PKK) in Turkey  Lack political representation  Freedom fighters v. terrorists

Terrorist Acts: International Not new phenomenon Organize, attack across borders ◦ Al Qaeda, Taliban Cold War v. post-Cold War ◦ Colonization ◦ Target US, western culture yemens-war-against-al.html

Piracy Recently revived Int’l waters More common near ‘troubled’ states ◦ Somalia ◦ Nigeria

Cyber-Attacks Target infrastructure ◦ Defense systems ◦ Communication systems ◦ Energy providers ◦ Economic services Shamoon virus targeted Aramco -Replaced systems files with image -Garbage data -30,000 machines infected/ destroyed

THE COOPERATION CONTINUUM

Individual States Some cooperation More cooperation Full cooperation The Cooperation Continuum Unilateral Self-Defense Limited Self- Defense Int’l Security Forces Abolition of War

Unilateral Self-Defense Traditional approach Self-reliance Few rely exclusively on this: N. Korea, exception

Limited Self Defense Bilateral or multilateral Arms limitation pacts Conventional ◦ Antipersonnel Mine Treaty ◦ UN Arms Limitation Treaty UN Arms Limitation Treaty Nuclear ◦ Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) Chemical ◦ Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Biological ◦ Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

International Security Forces Collective security More cooperation IGOs ◦ Regional ◦ Int’l

International Security Forces: Regional ◦ NATO  Afghanistan ◦ ECOWAS ECOWAS  Mali ◦ Why intervene?  Interests

International Security Forces: IGOs INTERPOL UN ◦ Peacekeeping  Neutral ◦ Peacemaking  Armed troops  Civilians  Elections, negotiations, food ◦ Peacebuilding  Rebuilding  Monitoring I800 C monitors

Abolition of War Abolition of War Pacifism ◦ Moral issue ◦ Bottom-up  Gandhi Gandhi Total disarmament ◦ Cooperation Seminar%20Paper%20on%20Global%20Arms%20Trade.htm

Conflict, Security, & Cooperation About: Changes Conventional & unconventional force Cooperation