DIRECT Am, is, are Shall/will Can May Must Have/has to Ought to INDIRECT Was/were Should/would Could Might Had to

CHANGES OF ADVERB OF TIME & PLACE DIRECT NOW TOMORROW NEXT WEEK TONIGHT TODAY YESTERDAY LAST NIGHT LAST WEEK HERE THIS THESE INDIRECT THEN THE FOLLOWING DAY THE FOLLOWING WEEK THAT NIGHT THAT DAY THE DAY BEFORE THE NIGHT BEFORE THE WEEK BEFORE THERE THAT THOSE

CHANGES OF TENSES DIRECT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT CONT. SIMPLE FUTURE INDIRECT SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONT. PAST FUTURE

1. STATEMENT HE SAID HE SAID TO ME HE TOLD ME THAT REPORTED WORDS

STATEMENT EXAMPLE DIRECT They said to me: “we are going to visit Borobudur tomorrow.” Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to school today. Anne told Agus: “My father got angry with me last night. INDIRECT They said to me that they were going to visit Borobudur the following day. Jeffry said that he hadn’t gone to school that day. Anne told Agus that her father had got angry with her the night before.

STATEMENT Exception: If the introductory sentence is in the Present Tense, there won’t be any changes in the Reported (Indirect) speech. DIRECT Cindy says: “ I will come to your house tonight.” Indra says: “I have seen that film for twice.” “Dessy says: “I meet my boyfriend every saturday.” Chandra says: “I don’t like sport.” INDIRECT Cindy says that she will come to my house tonight Indra says that he has seen that film for twice. Dessy says that she meets her boyfriend every Saturday. Chandra says that he doesn’t like sport.

HE ASKED ME HE TOLD ME TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE DIRECT The teacher asked me: Open your book page 65!” Siska asked Manu: “give me a piece of paper”! “Ronny told him: “call me tonight! INDIRECT The teacher asked me to open my book page 65. Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper. Ronny told him to call him that night.

HE ASKED ME HE TOLD ME NOT TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE DIRECT Santy asked Edy: Don’t leave me alone anymore!” Valenxia asked Indra: “Don’t hurt me anymore”! “Subhan told them: “Don’t disturb me! INDIRECT Santy asked Edy not to leave her alone anymore. Valenxia asked Indra not to hurt her anymore. Subhan told them not to disturb him.

HE ASKED ME IF/WHETHER S + V + COMPLEMENT

A. Yes/No Question Example DIRECT Ricky asked Henry: Does your father work near here?” Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: “have you collected your homework?” Dessy asked William: “can you accompany me to Lippo tonight? INDIRECT Ricky asked Henry if/whether his father worked near there. Mr. Bean asked Cyntia if/whether she had collected her homework. Dessy asked William if/whether he could accompany her to Lippo that night.

HE ASKED ME WHEN/WHAT etc. S + V + COMPLEMENT

b. Wh- Question Example DIRECT The girl asked me: “Where Do you come from?” My father asked my brother: “Why did you arrive at home late last night?” Handy asked the girl: “what is your favorite movie star? INDIRECT The girl asked me where I came from. My father asked my brother why he had arrived at home late the night before Handy asked the girl what her favorite movie star was

What is creativity? Creativity is the bringing into being of something which did not exist before, either as a product, a process or a thought.

What is creative thinking Creative thinking is the process which we use when we come up with a new idea. It is the merging of ideas which have not been merged before. Brainstorming is one form of creative thinking: it works by merging someone else's ideas with your own to create a new one. You are using the ideas of others as a stimulus for your own.

This creative thinking process can be accidental or deliberate. Without using special techniques creative thinking does still occur, but usually in the accidental way; like a chance happening making you think about something in a different way and you then discovering a beneficial change. Using special techniques, deliberate creative thinking can be used to develop new ideas. These techniques force the mergance of a wide range of ideas to spark off new thoughts and processes.

Positive Attitudes for Creativity 1. Curiosity. Creative people want to know things--all kinds of things-- just to know them. Knowledge does not require a reason. The question, "Why do you want to know that?" seems strange to the creative person, who is likely to respond, "Because I don't know the answer." Knowledge is enjoyable and often useful in strange and unexpected ways. For example, I was once attempting to repair something, without apparent success, when an onlooker asked testily, "Do you know what you're doing?" I replied calmly, "No, that's why I'm doing it."

2. Challenge. Curious people like to identify and challenge the assumptions behind ideas, proposals, problems, beliefs, and statements. Many assumptions, of course, turn out to be quite necessary and solid, but many others have been assumed unnecessarily, and in breaking out of those assumptions often comes a new idea, a new path, a new solution. For example, when we think of a college, we traditionally think of a physical campus with classrooms, a library, and some nice trees. But why must college be a place (with congregated students and faculty) at all? Thus, the electronic college now exists, where students "go" to college right at home, online. Correspondence courses have existed for years, too, beginning with the challenging of the school-as-centralized-place idea.

3. Constructive discontent. This is not a whining, griping kind of discontent, but the ability to see a need for improvement and to propose a method of making that improvement. Constructive discontent is a positive, enthusiastic discontent, reflecting the thought, "Hey, I know a way to make that better."

4. A belief that most problems can be solved. By faith at first and by experience later on, the creative thinker believes that something can always be done to eliminate or help alleviate almost every problem. Problems are solved by a commitment of time and energy, and where this commitment is present, few things are impossible.

5. The ability to suspend judgment and criticism. Many new ideas, because they are new and unfamiliar, seem strange, odd, bizarre, even repulsive. Only later do they become "obviously" great. Other ideas, in their original incarnations, are indeed weird, but they lead to practical, beautiful, elegant things.

DIRECT The students said to the teacher: “We haven’t done our assignment.” My uncle said to my sister: “I cannot come on your birthday party next month.” Patar asked Lina : “Do you love me?” My father asked me:”Have you prepared for your final exam? Anita told Ver: “Don’t tell me more about your boyfriend!” My friend asked her: “Stay with me forever!” My headmaster asked me: “ Where do you live?”