Do Now  What does logos appeal to in an advertisement?  Give three examples.

Premise and Conclusion 8 th Grade Language Arts

Premise  A statement upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn  An assumption that something is true

Reasoning  Sound reasoning stems from a valid argument whose conclusion follows from its premises

For Example – Consider the Following Argument:  Premise: A implies B;  Premise: B implies C;  Conclusion: Therefore, A implies C.  We do not know what statements A, B, and C represent, but we can still judge the argument as valid

For Example – Consider the Following Argument: Smoking is bad for your health  Premise: A implies B – Smoking is bad for your health Smoking causes cancer  Premise: B implies C – Smoking causes cancer Smoking is bad for your healthit causes cancer  Conclusion: Therefore, A implies C – Smoking is bad for your health, it causes cancer

An Argument is “Sound” If…  The argument is valid and all the statements, including the conclusion, are true

Argumentative Structure  Two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure.  Aristotle held that any logical argument could be reduced to two premises and a conclusion.  Premises:  Premises: If Socrates is a man, and all men are mortal  Conclusion:  Conclusion: then Socrates is mortal

Who was Aristotle?  Philosopher & Scientist  Aristotle had new ideas on how the world should be studied. He liked to make detailed observations of the world, taking notes and records of what he saw.

Who was Aristotle?  This was very different from the ideas of other philosophers of the day.  They did all their work in their mind, thinking about the world, but not observing it.  In this way Aristotle laid the foundation of science today.

Who was Socrates?  Philosopher  When Socrates was in his forties or so, he began to feel an urge to think about the world around him, and try to answer some difficult questions.

 He asked, "What is wisdom?" and "What is beauty?" and "What is the right thing to do?"  He knew that these questions were hard to answer, and he thought it would be better to have a lot of people discuss the answers together, so that they might come up with more ideas. Who was Socrates?

Together…  Read page137 Article  Review definitions of logos, ethos and pathos

On Your Own…  Page 138 Reading Questions