1. The Three Appeals of Argument
Logos, Ethos, Pathos
The Three Appeals
of Argument

2. Logos
Rational appeal

3. Logos Based on logical argument & appropriate evidence
Logical arguments commonly of two types:
Deductive
Inductive

4. Logos Deductive reasoning: Begins with a generalization
Cites a specific case related to the generalization
Ends with a conclusion based on the above

5. Logos Example of deductive reasoning: (from Aristotle)
All men are mortal. (generalization)
Socrates is a man. (specific case)
Socrates is mortal. (conclusion about the specific case)

6. Logos Inductive reasoning:
Begins with several pieces of specific evidence
Draws generalization and conclusion from this evidence

7. Logos Same example switched to inductive reasoning:
Socrates is mortal. Plato is mortal. Pythagoras is mortal. (specific cases)
All men are mortal. (generalization and conclusion)

8. Ethos
Ethical appeal

9. Ethos
Refers not to the ethics of the argument, but to the ethics of the person making the argument
(e.g. shows that the person making the argument has a certain degree of credibility, is of good character and sounds sense, and is qualified to be making the argument

10. Pathos
Emotional appeal

11. Pathos It is appropriate to use emotional appeal in your argument
Trouble occurs when you make this the sole or primary basis of your argument

12. Pathos Use in conjunction with logos to reach your audience
Emotions appeal to audience more powerfully than reason alone
Can be used effectively in anecdotal evidence