1. MA 110: Finite Math Dr. Maria Byrne Instructional Laboratory 0345 When you enter, pick up a quiz and complete it at your desk.

2. MA 110: Finite Math Dr. Maria Byrne Instructional Laboratory 0345 Lecture 8/20/2008 Homework: 1.1: 4,8,12,16,20 Due next Monday 8/25

3. When

4. “Epistemology”

5. “Epistemology” The theory of knowledge.

6. What do we know? Isn’t it cool that we know that we know? How do we know if we (really) know??

7. Some problems with knowing: Illogical conclusions / bad reasoning. Reasoning and logic cannot answer everything. –Ethical questions. – The great ‘why’ questions. “Chuang-Tzu once dreamed he was a butterfly. When he awoke, he no longer knew if he was a butterfly dreaming he was a man, or a man who had dreamed he was a butterfly.”

8. Class discussion: what are different ways that we know things? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

9. Four commonly accepted ways of knowing: (1)Reason (logic) (2)Perception (senses, induction) (3)Language (stories/authority) (4)Emotion (intuition/inspiration/revelation) From http://www.acperesearch.net/knowing.html

10. Four commonly accepted ways of knowing: (1)Reason (logic) …………………Mathematics (2)Perception (senses, induction) (3)Language (stories/authority) (4)Emotion (intuition/inspiration/revelation) From http://www.acperesearch.net/knowing.html

11. Four commonly accepted ways of knowing: (1)Reason (logic) …………………Mathematics (2)Perception (senses, induction) ………Science (3)Language (stories/authority) (4)Emotion (intuition/inspiration/revelation) From http://www.acperesearch.net/knowing.html

12. Four commonly accepted ways of knowing: (1)Reason (logic) …………………Mathematics (2)Perception (senses, induction) ………Science (3)Language (stories/authority) ……Humanities (4)Emotion (intuition/inspiration/revelation) From http://www.acperesearch.net/knowing.html

13. Areas of Knowledge Mathematics Natural Science Human Sciences History Arts Ethics Spirituality (listed from most objective to most subjective)

14. Areas of Knowledge Mathematics Natural Science Human Sciences History Arts Ethics Spirituality Objective Subjective

15. Areas of Knowledge Mathematics Natural Science Human Sciences History Arts Ethics Spirituality Objective Subjective

16. Areas of Knowledge Mathematics Natural Science Human Sciences History Arts Ethics Spirituality Objective Subjective SEE BLACKBOARD

17. Mathematics Most objective. Entirely rationale. Universal validity. LOGICAL

18. Mathematics Most objective. Entirely rationale. Universal validity. LOGICAL “logike”

19. Mathematics Most objective. Entirely rationale. Universal validity. LOGICAL Aristotle 384BC – 322 BC

20. Aristotle Together with Plato, and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.PlatoSocratesWestern philosophy All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. From Wikipedia. SEE BLACKBOARD

21. Deductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning – from the general to the specific. If something is true for the general, then it is true for a specific instance. Example: Bachelors are unmarried men. If Tom is a bachelor, he is a man.

22. “TREES” Deduction: from the general to the specific

23. In the real world, how do you know anything in general?

24. “TREES” Induction: from the specific to the general

25. Inductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning – from the specific to the general. If something is true in every observed instance, it may be true in the next instance. Example: The sun will rise tomorrow morning.

26. SEE BLACKBOARD

27. Areas of Knowledge Mathematics …Deductive Reasoning Natural Science…Inductive Reasoning Human Sciences History Arts Ethics Spirituality (listed from most objective to most subjective)

28. Areas of Knowledge Mathematics …Deductive Reasoning Natural Science…Inductive Reasoning Human Sciences History Arts Ethics Spirituality (listed from most objective to most subjective) PROOF EVIDENCE

29. Deductive or Inductive? (Proof or evidence?) I was walking through the park and saw 14 dogs. Every dog had a tail. Therefore I conclude that all dogs have tails. 1

30. Deductive or Inductive? (Proof or evidence?) I know that any positive or negative real number, when squared, gives a positive number. I know that zero, when squared, gives zero. Therefore, no real number, when squared, gives a negative number. 2

31. Deductive or Inductive? (Proof or evidence?) During rush hour Bob watches the cars at a busy intersection. He notices that of the 48 people who did not use their turn signals when turning, 75% were driving Fords. He concludes, people who drive Fords are more likely to not use turn signals. 3

32. Deductive or Inductive? (Proof or evidence?) The senator has supported every tax increase so far so I am sure he will support this one. 4

33. Deductive or Inductive? (Proof or evidence?) -2 cubed is -8 so I conclude that not all numbers, when cubed, give a positive number. 5

34. Inductive reasoning is only as good as the last n observations. Transit of Venus Rare and beautiful event. Watch out for it in 2012.

35. Inductive reasoning is only as good as the last n observations. First transit in 3 rd Millenium: June 8 th, 2004 Second transit: June 6 th, 2012 Transit of Venus

36. Inductive reasoning is only as good as the last n observations. First transit in 3 rd Millenium: June 8 th, 2004 Second transit: June 6 th, 2012 Transit of Venus Induction: transit every 8 years?

37. Inductive reasoning is only as good as the last n observations. First transit in 3 rd Millenium: June 8 th, 2004 Second transit: June 6 th, 2012 Third transit: December, 2117 Transit of Venus

38. SEE BLACKBOARD

39. Women are bad drivers. Dr. Byrne is a woman. Therefore, Dr. Byrne is a bad driver.

40. The following argument is valid: Women are bad drivers. Dr. Byrne is a woman. Therefore, Dr. Byrne is a bad driver. But false.

41. The following argument is valid: Women are bad drivers. False premise Dr. Byrne is a woman. Therefore, Dr. Byrne is a bad driver. But false.

42. Consider the following argument: Fluoride may not be safe for consumption. Drinking water in Mobile contains fluoride. Therefore, drinking water in Mobile may not be safe for consumption. Valid? True? You Decide…

43. Consider the following argument: Some doctors are women. Some women are mothers. Therefore, some doctors are mothers. Valid?

44. Consider the following argument: Some A are B. Some doctors are women. Some B are C. Some women are mothers. Therefore, some doctors are mothers. Therefore, some A are C. Valid?

45. Consider the following argument: Some A are B. Some cats are black. Some B are C. Some black things are televisions. Therefore, some A are C. Some cats are televisions. Not Valid