EOCT Review Day 1: Cells

SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion)

SB1a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. Prokaryotic: No nucleus or membrane-bound structures Ex. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria Eukaryotic: have nucleus and membrane-bound structures Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists Plant cells: have chloroplasts, cell wall Animal cells: no cell wall or chloroplasts

SB1a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. Important organelles Nucleus: contains DNA, which controls cell functions Chloroplasts: capture solar energy for photosynthesis Golgi: modify, sort, and ship proteins and lipids Mitochondria: production of ATP (energy) Ribosomes: synthesis of proteins Cell membrane: controls movement of substances in an out of the cell

SB1b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts. Enzymes are biological catalysts, meaning they speed up chemical reactions Enzymes are proteins Enzymes bind to a specific substrate at the active site, forming products Enzymes function by lowering activation energy The rate of reaction depends on the concentration of the enzyme

SB1b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.

SB1c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i. e SB1c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). Carbohydrates Function: energy storage Monomer: monosaccharides Ex. Glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch Lipids Function: energy storage, insulation, waterproofing Ex. Fats, oils, waxes

SB1c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i. e SB1c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). Proteins Function: Control rate of cell reactions, form structures Monomer: amino acids Ex. Enzymes, antibodies Nucleic acids Function: store genetic information Monomer: nucleotides Ex. DNA, RNA

SB1d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i. e SB1d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion) Passive transport: requires no energy Diffusion: movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Osmosis: movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration Hypotonic: low solute concentration Water moves into a cell (cell swells) when in a hypotonic solution Hypertonic: high solute concentration Water moves out of a cell (cell shrinks) when in a hypertonic solution

SB1d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i. e SB1d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion)

SB1d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i. e SB1d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion) Active Transport: Requires Energy Endocytosis: cell surrounds and takes in substances from its environment Exocytosis: substances leave the cell