WarmUp #2 Analyze the maps on pgs. 712, 716 & 721. –Answer the 2 questions on each of these pages: pg. 712: “Europe, 1815” pg. 716: “The Unification of Italy, ” pg. 721: “The Unification of Germany, ”

Nationalism & Unification GermanyItaly Causes of unification State leading unification Leaders of unification Methods used to bring about unification Ruler of unified nations Aftermath of unification ---using Chapter 24, Sections 1 & 2---

Nationalism in Eastern Europe & Russia

Austrian Empire multi-national empire…ruled by the Hapsburg family –opposed to liberalism –no freedom of press –kept a close watch on universities (…usually, the source of rebellion & revolt) –revolutions of 1820, 1830 & 1848 led to growing calls for independence & nationalism Hungarian Magyars had the most influence Compromise of 1867 –gave Hungary its own constitution, parliament & capital –still part of the Austrian empire –created a dual monarchy: Austria-Hungary problems existed because lots of other national groups wanted recognition or independence, as well

Ethnic Groups in Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire large multi-national empire in Southeastern Europe & Southwestern Asia (Middle East)…but in decline since the 1600s European states worried about the collapse of the Ottoman Empire & the rise of Russia > Constantinople Crimean War –dispute over access to Jerusalem & the Holy Land –France & Great Britain helped the Ottoman Empire vs. Russia –fought for 2 years: “Most Unnecessary War in History” –ended in a stalemate with 500,000 deaths –Florence Nightingale: famous nurse Balkan Wars –European countries fighting for dominance –ended with independence for Serbia –ended with Bosnia-Herzegovina, being annexed by Austria

Crimean War

Two Examples of Nationalism Use Chp. 24, Sec. 3 to complete this chart. Austria-HungaryOttoman Empire Government Economy---use the map in the text--- Ethnic Groups Response to Nationalism

Russia controlled most land (Europe into Asia), with many ethnic groups the Czars had absolute power & opposed the ideas of the Enlightenment not much industrialization, as mostly agricultural: high reliance on serfs ideas of reform spread in Russia: Decembrists tried to gain reforms, but were captured & sent to Siberia by Czar Nicholas I

Russian Reaction Czar Alexander II: major reformer! –1861: freed the serfs & gave them land in communes (wanted a market system = capitalism) –new judicial system with some self-government –reorganized the army & the navy radical groups wanted more, so assassinated Alexander II in 1881 Czar Alexander III –strong personality & reversed father’s reforms –cracked down on the revolutionary groups –Pograms: violent attacks on the Jews

Czar Alexander II

Czar Nicholas II Czar Nicholas II began industrialization of Russia with the Trans-Siberian Railroad 1904: conflict with Japan…lost Russo-Japanese War January 22 nd, 1905: peaceful group of peasants & workers led by priests walked to the Czar’s palace with demands for reform Bloody Sunday: Russian troops panicked & fired into the crowd, killing hundreds of protesters –shocked the people of Russia, causing mass strikes (rebellion vs. Czar) –peasants rebelled against landlords & students protested in streets Nicholas II issued October Manifesto: –promised a constitution –individual liberties –Duma: elected legislative body appeased people for awhile, but Nicholas II wanted absolute power, so soon took back the reforms & closed the Duma

Czar Nicholas II

Bloody Sunday

The Russian Czars Nicholas IAlexander IIAlexander III Write the repression or reforms that took place under each of these three czars of Russia, using Chapter 24, Section 4 of the text.

IN-CLASS ASSESSMENT 1.Before the Compromise of 1867, why was the Austrian Empire watching universities? 2.What was the Compromise of 1867? 3.What was the long-term problem within the new Austria-Hungary, in regards to dealing with minority groups in the Empire? 4.Who were the group of reformers who were captured by Czar Nicholas I & sent to Siberia? 5. What is Czar Alexander II most known for? 6. January 22 nd, 1905 is known in Russia as _________.