Organ Systems in Animals and Plants Animal Organ Systems

The Integumentary System The most visible organ system Made up of skin (epidermis & dermis) and accessory organs Accessory organs include: horns, antlers, hooves, sweat glands and sebaceous glands The integument helps regulate body temperature and prevent infection.

The Digestive System Is a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus The tube (in humans made up of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and rectum) facilitates the break down and absorption of nutrients During absorption nutrients leave the digestive system and enters the circulatory system

Earthworm Digestive System Food enters through its mouth The esophagus contracts to push the food into the crop (storage stomach) Food then enters the gizzard which grinds the food Food is pushed into the intestines for absorption Waste is expelled through the anus

Fish Digestive System Food passes from the fishes mouth (which have teeth designed for the fishes specific diet) down the esophagus into the stomach Some fish have a pyloric caecum which further breaks down the food and absorbs nutrients Food is broken down further and absorbed in the intestine

Frog Digestive System The tongue (attached in the front) and two sets of teeth help the frog catch and hold its prey The frog uses its eyes to aid in swallowing Food travels through the gullet, down the esophagus, to the stomach and then intestines The waste exits through the cloaca

The Respiratory System The function of the respiratory system is to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide Air enters either the mouth or nose and moves through the trachea into the bronchus and bronchioles The bronchioles empty into the alveoli which are surrounded by blood vessels _84A

Breathing Inhalation (expanding the chest cavity): Rib cage rises Diaphragm contracts and moves down Exhalation (decreasing the chest cavity): Rib cage lowers Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards rAtHgA&feature=related

The Circulatory System The blood transportation system Includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels Blood vessels include arteries (thick muscular walls) which carry blood away from the heart, veins (thinner walled vessels with valves) which carry blood towards the heart and capillaries

Capillaries Only one cell thick, oxygen and carbon dioxide flow in and out by diffusion Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

The Excretory System Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra and skin This system filters waste products from the blood and maintains proper levels of water and electrolytes The nephrons in the kidney filter urea and other wastes from the blood to form urine The skin excretes water, salts and urea

Plant Organ Systems

Shoot system and Root System The shoot system is everything above ground The root system is everything below ground (including aerial roots)

Transpiration Water is pushed up the roots via the root hairs and into the xylem in the stem (up about 2m in some plants) As water evaporates from the stomata in the leaves each evaporating water molecule pulls up on the adjacent water molecule