644 Death of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab

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644 Death of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab 644-56 Caliphate of ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan. Accused of nepotism on behalf of Umayyads. 656 Murder of ‘Uthman by protesters from Egypt and Iraq. 656-61 Caliphate of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, the last rashid Shi‘ism Fatima ‘A’isha

Map Link: The Islamic Middle East c. 750: <http://www.crethiplethi.com/wp-content/uploads/islamic- expansion-750.jpg>

656 ‘Ali defeats ‘A’isha and her followers at the Battle of the Camel. 657 ‘Ali opposed by Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan at Battle of Siffin. Arbitration agreed. 661 ‘Ali assassinated. Mu‘awiya caliph (r. 661-80) shi‘at ‘Ali = “party of ‘Ali” shi‘at Mu‘awiya = “party of Mu‘awiya” khariji (pl. khawarij) = “seceder,” Kharijite

= = ‘Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ‘Abd Allah Abu Talib al-‘Abbas Muhammad ‘Abd Allah the Prophet Fatima ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Hanafiyya ‘Ali al-Hasan al-Husayn Ibn al-Hanafiyya Abu Hashim Muhammad Ibrahim al-Saffah al-Mansur = =

669 Death of al-Hasan at Mecca 680 Mu‘awiya appoints Yazid as successor. Al-Husayn and followers killed at Karbala. Yazid reigns as caliph until 683. 682-92 Revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr in Arabia and Iraq 685-87 Revolt of al-Mukhtar in name of Ibn al-Hanafiyya (mahdi) at Kufa.

700 Death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya. Some say he is in hiding and will return. 740s ‘Abbasids seeking wider support. Focus propaganda on Iraq and Khurasan, incl. mawali (non-Arab converts). Move base to Merv. 743 Death of Muhammad ibn ‘Ali, succeeded by his son Ibrahim. ‘Abbasids send Abu Muslim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani to Merv.

‘Abbasids = = ‘Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ‘Abd Allah Abu Talib al-‘Abbas Muhammad ‘Abd Allah the Prophet Fatima ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Hanafiyya ‘Ali al-Hasan al-Husayn Ibn al-Hanafiyya Abu Hashim Muhammad Ibrahim al-Saffah al-Mansur ‘Abbasids = =

747 Abu Muslim raises revolt in Merv. Ibrahim killed by Umayyads. 748 Marwan II (r. 744-50) finishes putting down other revolts.

749 Battle of the Lower Zab. Abu’l-‘Abbas al-Saffah acclaimed caliph in Kufa. 750 Battle of the Upper Zab. Marwan II and other Umayyads killed. ‘Abd al- Rahman escapes to Spain.