1 Leakage Power Analysis of a 90nm FPGA Authors: Tim Tuan (Xilinx), Bocheng Lai (UCLA) Presenter: Sang-Kyo Han (ECE, University of Maryland) Published at IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference in 2003

2 I have an interest on FPGA power reduction. I want to know the reference data about leakage power of FPGA and the measurement method of it. My Motivations for Paper Selection

3 1. Introduction 2. Background 3. Methodology 4. Result and Analysis 5. Conclusions Contents

4 Introduction FPGAs have become attractive implementation solutions. Promising solutions for applications that require both performance and flexibility Motivations of the Research To support reconfigurations, FPGAs use more transistors than fixed-logic solutions, resulting in higher leakage power. FPGA due to excessive leakage is unsuitable for mobile applications. Methodology based on device-level simulations using BSIM4 models BSIM4 models include a number of leakage-modeling improvements over prior versions. Significant power reduction from analysis is possible.

5 Background – Existing Work Leakage power has been extensively studied in ASICs and microprocessors. Focus on FPGA dynamic power consumption E. Kusse, J.Rabaey [ISLPED,1998] L. Shang [FPGA,2002] K. Poon [FPL,2002] Current data on FPGA leakage by commercial vendors Limited to worst-case data points Provide no details or understanding of the underlying issues

6 Background – Architectural Model (1) 1.2V, SRAM-based FPGAs built in a 90nm CMOS process Modern FPGA architecture is composed of CLBs, I/O blocks, clock managers, block RAMs and multipliers. This study focuses on the CLB array. CLB is the representative of smaller or embedded FPGAs, which are more suitable for mobile application. CLB: Configurable Logic Block

7 Background – Architectural Model (2) CLB consists of interconnect switch matrix and four logic slices. Switch matrix is composed of a set of switches, each implemented with configurable multiplexors. OXBAR and IXBAR select CLB outputs and inputs, respectively. DOUBLE connect CLBs that are two blocks apart. Each logic slice consists of two 4-input look-up tables (LUTs) and two flip- flops (FFs).

8 Methodology – Overall SPICE simulation using BSIM4 device models For sub-100nm devices, BSIM4 provides improvements in leakage modeling. Focus on a single CLB design since all CLBs in an FPGA are identical Each smaller block in CLB is simulated individually to identify its leakage power consumption. Total leakage power of CLB array = (∑ block leakages) * (# of CLBs)

9 Methodology – Input Data Leakage power of a circuit depends on the values of its inputs. Leakage varies by more than 4X depending on the values of inputs. To model effects of input data variation, each block is simulated under all possible input states. For each block, its minimum, maximum and average leakage with respect to input data under best-, worst- and average-case design data, respectively, are stored.

10 Methodology – Resource Utilization Designs implemented in FPGAs never use all available resources. FPGA provides an excess routing resources to ensure the efficient mapping and routing of most designs. Typically, the utilization of interconnect resources is low, but for logic blocks is relatively high. TABLE 1: from survey of customer designs Resource utilization affects total leakage power. A block consumes less leakage power when unused. Unused LUT stores all 0’s by default. Each block is simulated in both used and unused configurations.

11 Result – FPGA Leakage At 25 ̊ C, the FPGA consumes 4.2uW per CLB, which means a CLB FPGA would consume approximately 4.2mW. At 85 ̊ C, 18.9uW per CLB due to the exponential temperature dependency of subthreshold leakage GSM cell phone’s standby current budget for digital baseband processing is 300uA. A 300uA upper bound on leakage power would imply a limit of 86 CLBs at 25 ̊ C, and 20 CLBs at 85 ̊ C, which means too small sizes to perform significant processing.

12 Result – Design Dependency For best- and worst-case data conditions, the degree of variation from the typical case is ±13% at 25 ̊ C. For CLB utilization factors of 50% and 100%, leakage power varies by no more than ± 6%, which means non-trivial leakage in unused resources. For a design with worst-case data, 100% CLB utilization, at 85 ̊ C is 26uW per CLB, 37.6% higher than average.

13 Result – Circuit-based Breakdown In an FPGA, the three most common circuit types are configuration SRAM cells, interconnect multiplexors and LUTs. These three circuit types consume 88% of the total leakage power. The configuration SRAM cells consume 38% of the total leakage. Using high-Vth, thick-oxide transistors can eliminate most of the SRAM leakage power, but will increase configuration time.

14 Result – Utilization-based Breakdown The leakage consumption by the unused blocks is referred as unused leakage. For a small design that uses 50% of the CLBs, unused leakage is 56% of the total leakage power. For a design of 100% CLB utilization, unused leakage is still a significant portion (35%) of the total. This amount is consumed entirely in unused interconnect switches. FPGA CAD tools can help maximize the savings by grouping unused resources such that they can be collectively powered down.

15 Conclusions The results quantified the nominal leakage power of the FPGA and the variation due to design-specific parameters. The FPGA consumes 4.2uW per CLB nominally, and more than 26uW per CLB in the worst-case conditions. To enable deployment of FPGAs in mobile applications, significant leakage power reduction is needed. The results indicated potential for substantial leakage reduction.

16 The End Thank You Q & A