Outcomes of this lesson Outcome 1Define Classical Conditioning Outcome2 Define operant conditioning Outcome 3 Explain classical conditioning- Watson’s work Outcome 4 Evaluate the positives and negatives of classical conditioning

Assumptions of behaviourism Behaviourism is an important branch of psychology that deals with observing the behaviours and habits of humans and animals. Human behaviour is learnt We are born Tabula Rasa – Blank slate There are 3 Assumptions.. We learn through association We learn by our environment and how we operate within it We learn through observation

Assumptions of behaviourism All human behaviour can be explained through observable actions All works on stimulus and response Only observable behaviour can be tested- no need of the mind- lab experiments Highly testable- has it is measurable Through the use of a scientific method we can analyse, quantify and compare behaviour

Starter task One person claps Straight after The other blows air into the eye of the third person Keep going What begins to happen?

Assumption 1 behaviour can be explained through Classical Conditioning = We learn through Association

qumfpxuzI Born in Russia in 1849 Died 1936 Physiologist: The circulatory system of dogs and saliva levels Man of peace Classical conditioning 1904 Pavlov’s dogs

Hand-out

In classical conditioning, the dog learned to associate two stimuli when they occur together, such that the response originally elicited by one stimulus is transferred to another. The dog learnt to produce an existing response to a new stimulus.

classical conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs game cine/pavlov/ cine/pavlov/

However It is a study on animals in a lab setting Is it comparable? Can we test this on humans?

Assumption 1 Classical Conditioning: Pavlov Watson We learn through Association

Watson The birth of Behaviourism Objective study of human behaviour Study of people’s actions with the ability to be able to predict and control them

Watson: Little Albert Watch the following clip and take notes sOI sOI zLyE zLyE

What did we see in this clip? Explain what was happening to little Albert

Stimulus and Response

Lets try it

And for me… Thus, our behaviour is reduced down to mere stimulus from our surroundings and the learning of response to that stimulus…

In conclusion Involves learning what events in the environment go together We are learning associations between objects and the correct expected behaviour

Real life applications Potty training: Associate the toilet with the place to go.. Not the nappy! Our Beds as the place to sleep Routines, time of day we associate with eating- we learnt this when we were being weaned!

In conclusion: Human behaviour "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years." – John B. Watson, Behaviorism, 1930 But hang on!!! Q1: What is Watson implying about human behaviour? Q2: What is wrong with the above notion?

Evaluation : Outcome 4 Q: what is good and what is bad?? The good: The bad

Hand-out: evaluation (The basics) Behaviourism up to now The good retestable – valid objective – results can be seen used in successful treatments: alcoholism and phobias Mostly tested in the lab: ecological validity (not real life) Experimenter bias (researcher bias) could behave in a way to influence participants Ignores mental processes- we can observe and learn!

Assumption 2: Behaviour can be explained in terms of Operant conditioning

Getting you thinking BoMI BoMI Q: What is happening in this video?

Skinner and operant conditioning Skinner the idea that behaviour is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behaviour will occur again.

Difference? Remember that classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus that automatically triggers a response without thought while operant conditioning requires the voluntary action to use the surroundings and the use of reinforcement or punishment Example: If Sheldon didn’t offer chocolates than the girl’s behaviour wouldn’t even change!

Todays lesson 21/09/2015

22/09/2015 Last LessonThis lessonNext lesson Introduced Skinner and Operant Conditioning Must: Complete gapped handout Define operant conditioning and Social learning theory Should: explain what Operant conditioning is with examples and key terms Could: explain Social learning theory with examples Social Learning theory and the power of observation in learning. Critque of the whole of behaviourism Introduce Psychodynamic approach

Operant conditioning In operant conditioning, we learn to perform new behaviours through the consequences of the things we do. Consequences could be either positive or negative We use (operate on ) the environment around us to learn So if we manipulate the environment= behaviour will change

Positive and negative Reinforcement Reinforces make it likely that the behaviour will happen again Positive and negative reinforcement atch?v=H6LEcM0E0io atch?v=H6LEcM0E0io 2:24 watch?v=wfraBsz9gX4 watch?v=wfraBsz9gX4 Examples of reinforcement- Handout: table on definitions of reinforcement and punishment

Examples- nt/#.Vf2yDLcgljo nt/#.Vf2yDLcgljo Positive reinforcement Think of it as adding something in order to increase a response. For example, adding a treat will increase the response of sitting; adding praise will increase the chances of your child cleaning his or her room. The most common types of positive reinforcement or praise and rewards, and most of us have experienced this as both the giver and receiver. Negative reinforcement Think of negative reinforcement as taking something negative away in order to increase a response. Imagine a teenager who is nagged by his mother to take out the garbage week after week. After complaining to his friends about the nagging, he finally one day performs the task and to his amazement, the nagging stops. The elimination of this negative stimulus is reinforcing and will likely increase the chances that he will take out the garbage next week.

More examples: Handout of example : Gapped handout

Evaluation: Anything wrong with this approach? Anything good with this approach?

Assumption 3 Human behaviour can be explained by Social Learning theory Read assumption 3 of hand-out

A difference between older behaviourism We do need to understand what is happening – mental processes Well actually what is a person thinking when they are observing behaviour? It is learning by watching other learn…

Observation Learning through observation

So… reinforcement-definition-lesson-quiz.html reinforcement-definition-lesson-quiz.html 30 seconds Now lets check out Bandura’s experiment –

Bandura /watch?v=NjTxQy_U3ac /watch?v=NjTxQy_U3ac ‘Learning through someone else's learning’ Anything wrong with this experiment?

Examples of Vicarious reinforcement What is this advert saying about the child’s behaviour and what will happen?

Other examples

So…. We learn new behaviours through observation We observe others when they get positive or negative reinforcement This observation of reinforcement will determine if we imitate that behaviour This is called Vicarious reinforcement Social- cognitive psychology – we then build schemas (memories) for next situation and can decide what behaviour is appropriate- recap twins video

Examples: Hand-out