Introduction of Anatomy and physiology Badil das Lecturer Institute of Nursing Dow University of Health Sciences 2nd October, 2012

Objectives: By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to: Define anatomy and physiology Describe the branches of anatomy and physiology

Anatomy Anatomy is derived from Greek words Ana = Up Tomy = process of cutting It was first studied by dissection Dis- apart Section act of cutting the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

Anatomy Anatomy is the study of internal and external structures and physical relationship between body parts. It the study of structures of the body.

Branches of Anatomy There are two main types of the anatomy 1. Microscopic anatomy: It is study of internal and external structures that can be seen with help of microscope. Microscopic anatomy can be subdivided into two main types. Cytology: It is study of structures of the cells. Histology: It is study of structures of the tissues. Embryology: It deals the structure that emerges from the time of fertilized egg through the 8th week in uterus

Microscopic anatomy (Example)

Macroscopic anatomy It is also known as gross anatomy 2. Macroscopic anatomy: It is study of structure that can be seen with naked eyes. It is also known as gross anatomy It is subdivided into: Regional anatomy: Structure of specific regions.i.e. cephalic region, cervical region, pelvic region etc…. Systemic anatomy: It is study of structures of major organ systems .i.e. respiratory system, digestive system etc…….. Surface Anatomy: anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and palpation

Macroscopic Anatomy (Example)

Physiology It is study of functions of the anatomical structures of the body It considers the physical and chemical process responsible for the characteristics of life or vital functions.

Branches of Physiology Human physiology: It is study of functions of the human body. Special physiology: It is study of the physiology of specific organs .i.e. heart, kidney, pancreas etc…….. System physiology: It considers the all aspects of the functions of the specific organ systems .i.e. functions of nervous system, lymphatic system etc…….. Pathophysiology: It is derived from Greek word pathos means diseases and logos means study It is study of alteration of normal body functions due to disease.

Neurophysiology: Endocrinology: Conti…. Neurophysiology: It is study of functional properties of nerve cell Endocrinology: It is study of functions of hormones and how they control body functions

References Tortora, J. G. (2006). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. (11th ed). USA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.