1. Lecture # 1: Fundamentals 1
(Chapter 1, Atlas A)
Objectives:
1- Define Anatomy and Physiology and state the relationship between structure and function.
2- Explain the levels of structural organization of the human body.
3- Define cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
4- List the systems of the human body, describe their functions, and itemize their component organs.
A new life begins – a human embryo on the point of a pin

2. The Scope of Anatomy and Physiology (page 2)
The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts
Anatomy:
Physiology:
The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
Anatomy and Physiology are complementary branches of science, which help us to understand the human body.
Anatomy and Physiology are closely integrated both theoretically and practically
Anatomical information provides clues about functions, and physiological mechanisms can be explained only in terms of the underlying anatomy
The Unity of Form and Function or The Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function:
What structure can do (its function), depends on its specific form (all specific functions are performed by specific structures)

3. Anatomy - The Study of Form
1- Examining structure of the living human body
Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion
Medical Imaging (Radiology)
Exploratory Surgery
2- Cadaver dissection
3- Comparative anatomy
It is the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships
It is the study of several species in order to examine structural similarities and differences

4. Anatomy - The Study of Form
1- Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
It is the study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
2- Microscopic Anatomy
It is the study of structures that are not visible without magnification

5. 2- Microscopic Anatomy Cytology:
It is the study of structure and function of individual cells
Ultrastructure:
Histology:
Histopathology:
It is the study of the cell structures seen in the electron microscope
It is the microscopic examination of normal tissues
It is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Muscle
Cancer cells
Fungi infection
Bacterial infection

6. Physiology - The Study of Function
Physiology has many subdisciplines:
- Endocrinology (physiology of hormones)
- Neurophysiology (physiology of nervous system)
- Pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease)
Because of limitations on experimentation with humans, much of what we know about human physiology has been obtained through the Comparative Physiology
Comparative Physiology:
It is the study of the physiology of different species in order to examine the differences and similarities with humans
Comparative Physiology is the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures

7. Human Structure (page 12)
The human body is extremely complex
It consists of about 100 trillion cells
( cells)
Each of these cells has in it a genome that occupies a total of 3, DNA base pairs.
That is why the organization of living matter is extremely important

8. The human body is organized in a “Hierarchical Manner”
Hierarchical Manner: Levels of organization are progressively integrated to make up higher levels.
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELLULAR LEVEL
TISSUE LEVEL
ORGAN LEVEL
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
Organisms
Humans have a hierarchy of complexity
ORGANISM LEVEL

9. Complex protein molecule
Atoms
Molecules
The smallest particle with unique chemical identity
A particle composed of at least two atoms
MACROMOLECULES
Complex protein molecule
SMALL MOLECULE
H O 2
Chemical or Molecular Level

10. Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells
The smallest particle with unique chemical identity
A particle composed of at least two atoms
Microscopic structures that carry out specific cell functions (“little organs”)
Cells
They are the smallest units that carry out all the basic functions of life
Nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive
There are about 200 two hundred types of cells in the human body, and they vary greatly in appearance

11. Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues
The smallest particle with unique chemical identity
A particle composed of at least two atoms
Microscopic structures that carry out specific cell functions (“little organs”)
Cells
Tissues
They are the smallest units that carry out all the basic functions of life
A tissue is a mass of similar cells and cell products that perform a specific function
Nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive
The human body is composed of only four primary classes of tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

12. Cardiac muscle tissue
Tissues
Organs
Organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue

13. Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Tissues
Organs
Organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

14. Tissues Organs Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue
Organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue

15. Organs
Organ Systems
An organ system is a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion
Cardiovascular System: The heart pumps blood, and blood vessels transport the blood to different tissues

17. These systems may be classified according to their principal functions
The human body has 11 organ systems and an immune system, which is better described as a population of cells than as organ system
These systems may be classified according to their principal functions
Protection, Support, and Movement
Defense
8- Immune System
1- Integumentary System
2- Skeletal System
3- Muscular System
Input and Output
9- Respiratory System
10- Urinary System
11- Digestive System
Internal Communications and Integration
4- Nervous System
5- Endocrine System
Reproduction
12- Reproductive System
Fluid Transport
6- Circulatory System
7- Lymphatic System

19. All the organ systems work together to detect changes, to activate mechanism that oppose it, and thereby to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in the organism
The ability of the organism to maintain internal stability is called “homeostasis”
Homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance, a condition called homeostatic imbalance

20. Interrelationships Among Body Organ Systems
Food CO 2 2 O
Interrelationships Among Body Organ Systems
Blood
Respiratory System
Heart
Digestive System
Circulatory System
Cells
Nutrients
Interstitial Fluid
External Environment
Integumentary System
Excretory System
Unabsorbed matter (feces)
Nitrogen-containing waste products (urine)