Acts before separation of Sub-continent

Act of 1861

Back Ground Complete control of British on political system. Complete control of British on political system. East India company over powered the political system. East India company over powered the political system. Muslims were facing disrespect. Muslims were facing disrespect. Indians had no political representation. Indians had no political representation. Sir. Syed Ahmed Khan suggested to include Indian people in political system. Sir. Syed Ahmed Khan suggested to include Indian people in political system.

Act of First ever constitutional structure. 2. Indian people were included in governor general's council. 3. The number of the members of the legislative councils was increased.

Act of The governor was given authority to nominate at least six persons to his Council 5. The nominated members could not criticize the actions of Council 6. The governor-general could issue ordinance and was authorized to veto provincial legislation

Act of 1861 (Results) The enforcement of Legislative Council Act of 1861 was the first step taken for the constitutional reforms in India. The enforcement of Legislative Council Act of 1861 was the first step taken for the constitutional reforms in India. It provided in spite of its limited scope, an opportunity to the Indian people to safeguard their political interests. It provided in spite of its limited scope, an opportunity to the Indian people to safeguard their political interests. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was nominated as the member of the legislative council Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was nominated as the member of the legislative council

Act of 1892

Back Ground All Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 All Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 Iord Ripon ( ) Iord Ripon ( ) Liberal Government in England Liberal Government in England Lord Dufferin appointed a committee to examine the issues and make a report. Lord Dufferin appointed a committee to examine the issues and make a report. The Indian The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was the result of the recommendations.

Act of Expansion in the size of the Governor General's legislative council. 2. The members were to be nominated, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State additional members in the legislative council, 6 were official members, 5 were nominated non-official members and 5 were elected, one by the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce, and four from the four provincial councils.

Act of The maximum number of additional members of the Bengal Presidency was fixed at and those of the North-Western Province 6. and Oudh at 15.

Results The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was significant in a sense that it not only increased the number of non-official members of the legislative bodies both at the provincial and national levels The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was significant in a sense that it not only increased the number of non-official members of the legislative bodies both at the provincial and national levels Introduced the principle of election in a limited way through such constituencies as municipal bodies Introduced the principle of election in a limited way through such constituencies as municipal bodies

Act of 1909 Back Ground Back Ground Defects Defects Overall Look Overall Look

Back Ground demands for the separate electorate was conceded demands for the separate electorate was conceded the preparation of separate electoral rolls was ordered the preparation of separate electoral rolls was ordered the legislative councils were expanded the legislative councils were expanded the authority of the council was increased the authority of the council was increased the viceroy council’s membership at sixty members the viceroy council’s membership at sixty members the membership of the provinces of Bengal,Bihar, Bombay and orissa was fixed at fifty members were as the membership of the provinces of Punjab, & Assam was fixed at 30 members the membership of the provinces of Bengal,Bihar, Bombay and orissa was fixed at fifty members were as the membership of the provinces of Punjab, & Assam was fixed at 30 members the Indians were included in the executive council of the viceroy and in the provincial executive councils the Indians were included in the executive council of the viceroy and in the provincial executive councils the local bodies, trade unions and universities were allowed to elect their member the local bodies, trade unions and universities were allowed to elect their member lt. governors were appointed in Bengal, Bombay and madras. lt. governors were appointed in Bengal, Bombay and madras.

Defects Did not provide for mode of electing the representatives Did not provide for mode of electing the representatives The voting rights were squeezed The voting rights were squeezed The authority of elected were negligible The authority of elected were negligible The nominated members were in majority The nominated members were in majority Provincial expenditure were controlled by the central government Provincial expenditure were controlled by the central government

Overall Look Any how no one can deny the importance and utility of reforms. As it acceded the Muslims, their much cherished demand & Any how no one can deny the importance and utility of reforms. As it acceded the Muslims, their much cherished demand & Separate electorate in the provinces Separate electorate in the provinces Conferred on the Muslims the double vote Conferred on the Muslims the double vote Gave imputes to the constitution in the India Gave imputes to the constitution in the India Amazing political triumph Amazing political triumph Muslim league performed in the commendable manner Muslim league performed in the commendable manner

Act of 1919

Back Ground S.A.ROWalt S.A.ROWalt STOP POLITICAL ACTIVITIES STOP POLITICAL ACTIVITIES QUAID AZAM RESIGNED QUAID AZAM RESIGNED INCIDENT OF JALLIANWALA BAGH INCIDENT OF JALLIANWALA BAGH

Response EDWIN MONTAGUE EDWIN MONTAGUE MONTAGUE –CHELMSFORD REFORMS MONTAGUE –CHELMSFORD REFORMS

Act of Bicameral legislature was established in the center. 2. The upper house was know as council of state and lower house was knows as central legislative assembly. 3. The membership of upper house was fixed at 60 member while the lower house consisted of 146 members. 4. The upper house was elected for 5 years and he lower house for 3 years. 5. Separate electorate was retained for the Muslims.

In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral parliament or bicameral legislature is a parliament or legislature which consists of two chambers or Houses. The relationship between the two chambers varies; in some cases, they have equal power, while in others, one chamber is clearly superior to the other.

Some political scientists believe that bicameralism makes meaningful political reforms more difficult to achieve and increases the risk of deadlock. This risk of deadlock is greater in cases where both chambers have equal powers. Others argue strongly for the merits of the 'checks and balances' provided by the bicameral model, which they believe helps prevent ill- considered legislation from being passed into law.

Act of Self-government would be established gradually in India. 5. The system of ‘dyarchy ’ was introduced at the provincial level. 6. By this system the provincial subjects were divide d into two categories as the ‘transferred’ and ‘reserved subjects’ 7. The subjects were divided between the center and provinces. The central subjects were defenses, foreign affairs, currency,railways and telecommunication. 8. The provincial subject included Education, Health,Irrigation and local government.

Act of 1935 Act of 1935

Back Ground After the failure of the Third Round Table Conference, the British government gave the Joint Select Committee the task of formulating the new Act for India. After the failure of the Third Round Table Conference, the British government gave the Joint Select Committee the task of formulating the new Act for India. The Committee comprised of 16 members each from the House of Commons and House of Lords, 20 representatives from British India and seven from the princely states. The Committee comprised of 16 members each from the House of Commons and House of Lords, 20 representatives from British India and seven from the princely states. Lord Linlithgow was appointed as the president of the Committee Lord Linlithgow was appointed as the president of the Committee

Act of A Federation of India was promised for, comprising both provinces and states. 2. The provisions of the Act establishing the federal central government were not to go into operation until a specified number of rulers of states had signed Instruments of Accession. 3. Since, this did not happen, the central government continued to function in accordance with the 1919 Act and only the part of the 1935 Act dealing with the provincial governments went into operation. 4. The Governor General remained the head of the central administration and enjoyed wide powers concerning administration, legislation and finance. 5. No finance bill could be placed in the Central Legislature without the consent of the Governor General.

Act of The Federal Legislature was to consist of two houses, the Council of State (Upper House) and the Federal Assembly (Lower House). 5 The Council of State was to consist of 260 members, out of whom 156 were to be elected from the British India and 104 to be nominated by the rulers of princely states. 6 The Federal Assembly was to consist of 375 members; out of which 250 were to be elected by the Legislative Assemblies of the British Indian provinces while 125 were to be nominated by the rulers of princely states. 7 The Central Legislature had the right to pass any bill, but the bill required the approval of the Governor General before it became Law. On the other hand Governor General had the power to frame ordinances.

Act of The Secretary of State was not expected to interfere in matters that the Governor dealt with, with the help of Indian Ministers. 9 The provinces were given autonomy with respect to subjects delegated to them. 10 Diarchy, which had been established in the provinces by the Act of 1919, was to be established at the Center. However it came to an end in the provinces. 11 Two new provinces Sindh and Orissa were created.

Act of Reforms were introduced in N. W. F. P. as were in the other provinces. Separate electorates were continued as before. 13 One-third Muslim representation in the Central Legislature was guaranteed. 14 Autonomous provincial governments in 11 provinces, under ministries responsible to legislatures, would be setup. 15 Burma and Aden were separated from India.

Act of The Federal Court was established in the Center. 16. The Reserve Bank of India was established.

Results Both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Act, but participated in the provincial elections of winter Both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Act, but participated in the provincial elections of winter At the time of independence, the two dominions of India and Pakistan accepted the Act of At the time of independence, the two dominions of India and Pakistan accepted the Act of 1935.