1. BRAZIL

2. History The Brazilian Empire (1822-1889) The Old Republic (1889-1930) – decentralized The 1930 coup and Vargas (1930-1945) – Centralized, statist The Populist Republic (1945-1964) Bureaucratic Authoritarianism (1964-85) The transition to democracy (1974-2001) – Abertura – The Constitution (1988) President Lula da Silva (2002-2011) President Dilma Roussef (2011-)

3. Political Economy Until 1930 export-led growth – Coffee – 1929 great depression-> reduced demand-> – ISI 1930-> State-led growth (developmentalism) 1989- privatization? – BNDES: state-owned development bank

4. Favelas Insufficient welfare system large social inequalities Informal sector Lula focussed on social reform- Bolsa Familia Migration-> Favellas Black-white Brazilians

5. Brazil and regionalism

6. Government and Policy-making The Executive – Presidential system – Centralized authority in the executive Federalism – 26 states – competition between the centre and states The Legislature: Bicameral No strict separation of powers

7. The Executive The President: head of state and government Directly elected every four years Since 1997- two terms Emergency measures (2001 changes) Power to appoint bureaucrats Personal ties

8. The Judiciary Supreme Court No clear power to review the executive It can review corruption cases by parliamentarians Appointed by the President, approved by the senate

9. Subnational government Governor (elected) Chief advisors Unicameral legislature Governors and mayors are essential support fore Presidents and legislators

10. The Legislature Upper house: Senate (81 members) – Each state elect 3 senators – Part of the senate opens for elections in every 4 years Lower house: the Chamber of Deputies (513 members) – Elections every four years

11. The legislature Each chamber is equal in law making. No reconciliation committee Once both houses pass a bill, the President can veto or accept The two houses can override the veto by a majority of votes Constitutional amendments require 3/5 of the votes in each house

12. The legislature Weak and fragmented. Corruption: 147/513 and 21/81 members Electoral system: – Proportional representation with an open list

13. Political Parties Right – Democrats, Liberal Party, Progressive Party – Neoliberal economic policy Center: – Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement, Party of Brazilian Social Democracy, Brazilian LaborParty Left – Workers Party, Socialist Party, Communist Party – Reduce inflation, but maintain public sector and welfare state