Nigeria

Leader of Africa Most populous on continent = 140 million Largest oil reserves = 37 B barrels, 3 M barrels/day Largest economy = $600 B Great poverty = 70%, $2800 PPP Democracy with totalitarian military rule Christian and Muslim tension No national identity

People nor leaders agree on basics of who should rule and how. Should Nigeria remain as one nation? NATIONAL QUESTION

Legitimacy Young country Many constitutions and amendments Impulse toward fragmentation Military is only national organization Former British colony Sharia law in the north Hope beneath the skepticism and cynicism

Political Traditions PRE-COLONIALCOLONIAL ERA Trade Connections Early Islam Influence Kinship-based Politics Complex Political Identities Democratic Impulses Authoritarian Rule Interventionist State Individualism Christianity Intensification of Ethnic Politics

Political Traditions INDEPENDENCECHANGE Parliamentary to Presidential Intensification of Ethnic Conflict Military Rule Personalized Rule/Corruption Federalism Economic Dependence on Oil Cultural Diffusion Sokoto Caliphate Slave Trade British Rule and Education National Question Corruption

Political Culture CHARACTERISTICS Prebendalism State Control/Civil Soicety Modernity/Tradition Religious Conflict Geography GEOGRAPHY Northwest – Hausa-Fulani Northeast – variety Middle Belt – mix, capital Southwest – Yoruba Southeast – Igbo, Catholic Southern Zone – Ijaw, delta, oil

Cleavages CHALLENGES Poverty/Distribution of Wealth Inequality/Income Distribution Health Issue/HIV/AIDS Literacy/Gender Equality FRAGMENTATION Ethnicity Religion North vs. South Urban/Rural Social Class

Civil Society Citizens as subjects not participants Low efficacy Low transparency High corruption Prebendalism Election fraud Ijaw women and big oil Saro-Wiwa and MOSOP Boko Haram INEC

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS Controversial Elections Military Generals Assassinations Disqualifications Recent Improvements Many Interest Groups Labor Business Human Rights Freedom of the Press Ethnic Bias Long History Political Parties Fluid and Changing Based on Personalities Localized

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS Strong Executive Military Leadership Patrimonialsim Para-statal Bureaucracy State Corporatism Majority/second ballot At least 25% in 2/3 of states National Assembly 3 per state in Senate 360 single member districts in House Plurality system/direction election Judiciary Common law + custom Sharia in the North Judicial Review – military – independence Constitutionally Federal Democracy 3 Branches

PUBLIC POLICY National Question Federal Character vs. True Federalism Loyalty Pyramid Struggle for power Battle over oil revenue Rentier State Informal Economy Revenue Sharing Theft Regulation Economic Structural Adjustment Central bank policy Privitization Democratization Military In the Government In the Baracks Strong force for stability/against democratization

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