NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Why were nationalistic revolutions occurring throughout Latin America? Mexico Spanish South America

Latin American Class System The successes of the American & French Revolutions along with the Enlightenment began to spread into Spain & Portugal’s colonies In Latin America, there was a strong class system set up by the people who were from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) Your rights depended where you were in this system Peninsulares Creoles (Criollo) Mestizos Slaves Indians Europeans born in Spain/Portugal Mixed Indian & European Mixed African & European Indigenous People Europeans born in Latin America Mulattos African Slaves

HAITI (Saint Domingue) 1791: First Latin American revolution (Caribbean Islands) 100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) The slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ovuverture Napoleon sends troops to retake the island French trick & capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps Slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines 1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas Significance: First totally successful African slave revolt and independent nation run by former slaves

SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA South America’s wars of independence are led by two brilliant Creole Generals named Simon Bolívar & Jose de San Martín Neither support Spain’s king Joseph Bonaparte Simon Bolívar Jose de San Martín Venezuela declares independence from Spain in 1811 – Bolivar’s volunteer army suffers many defeats – Bolívar wins, has liberated Venezuela & Colombia (Gran Colombia), he heads to Ecuador & Peru From Argentina (Rio De La Plata), San Martín starts an independence movement in 1816 Spanish have a strong army in nearby Chile

1817: San Martín teams up w/ a Irish-Peruvian named Bernardo O’Higgins Bernardo O’Higgins Together they crossed in the Andes Mountains into Chile Combined armies beat the Spanish in Chile San Martín heads north to Peru Bolivar leads combined armies. December 9, 1824 the final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru Peru independent, Bolivia created

MEXICO & CENTRAL AMERICA (New Spain) 1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a rebellion against Spain To symbolize the start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church- El Grito de Dolores Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 strong The Spanish Army led by Creoles would defeat Hidalgo’s army in 1811 Hidalgo will be executed by the Spanish Authorities Padre Miguel Hidalgo

Padre Jose Maria Morelos would continue the fight for independence but the Spaniards defeat his army Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians calling for Independence from Spain Creole General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence in : Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America Central America wants independence from Mexico Iturbide is overthrown and Central American states get independence in 1823 Five independent countries form United Provinces of Central America Jose Maria Morelos Agustin Iturbide

BRAZIL After Napoleon invades Portugal, the King of Portugal moves his family and government to the colony of Brazil King João (John VI) declares Brazil the Kingdom of Portugal & Brazil After Napoleon’s defeat King João and his royal court returned to Portugal (Legitimacy) João’s son Pedro stays behind in Brazil Brazilian Creoles demanded independence from Portugal 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition asking for independence & to allow João’s son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil In 1822, King João agrees and grants Brazil independence Brazil’s independence was a bloodless revolution Dom Pedro I