Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Bruce A. McPheron Penn State University, USA Norman B. Barr USDA-APHIS

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative CBoL obtained funding from Sloan Foundation to support a “Demonstrator System” Mid-size taxon, reasonable taxonomic knowledge Interested user community Scientists willing to commit to 2-year project CBoL approached the mosquito and fruit fly communities to consider proposals

Tephritidae – The (True) Fruit Flies Photos: USDA, R. Copeland, H.-Y. Han

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Family Tephritidae (>4,000 species, >350 economically important species) Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Rhagoletis Morphological keys of adults are available for many pests and congeners Morphological keys using immature morphology are uncommon

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Family Tephritidae (>4,000 species, >350 economically important species) Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Rhagoletis Many taxa are cryptic species complexes Emerging pests require a mechanism to update any diagnostic tool

DNA Barcoding – the Positives Works for all life stages Works with specimen fragments Can separate sibling species complexes Magnifies taxonomic expertise Worldwide access Enhances the value of traditional collections Source:

DNA Barcoding – the Negatives Does not separate all sibling complexes More expensive than morphological examination Requires expert validation

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Steering Committee met in April, 2006, in Belgium Identified strategy, potential participants, and potential funders Submitted proposal to CBoL executive committee in July, 2006 Support confirmed Sept., 2006 Operational support March, 2007

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Generate barcode database for 2,000 species (10,000 individuals) Train postdoctoral scholars in morphological and molecular approaches to tephritid systematics Establish globally-available DNA repository Develop protocols for queries to DNA barcode database in support of pest management, ecology and taxonomy Target completion – July, 2008

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Generate barcode database for 2,000 species (10,000 individuals) 100% of economically important (EI) species >75% of EI congeners >25% of taxa containing beneficial species 1 species per genus in subtribes containing EI species 1 species per genus in other higher taxa representative tephritoid families

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Train postdoctoral scholars in morphological and molecular approaches to tephritid systematics Regional approach Recruit 3 postdocs to work with established morphological systematists Use museums as home base and travel to regional museums or accept loans for DNA acquisition

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative A global effort: - Allen Norrbom - Marc De Meyer - Dick Drew

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Establish globally-available DNA repository Host not yet identified Develop protocols for queries to DNA barcode database in support of pest management, ecology and taxonomy BoLD and GenBank formats Incorporation into robust risk assessment tools

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Target completion – July, 2008 Funding estimate: US$1 million direct costs Statement of cooperation from >15 major museums Funding from Sloan Foundation, USDA-APHIS, Penn State, Belgian government

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative 496 tephritid cytochrome oxidase I sequences in GenBank 236 sequences cover the “Barcode” region Most sequences come from taxa in species complexes Armstrong & Ball (2005) and subsequent unpublished work 75 species in 14 genera, primarily Bactrocera

Only tephritids are included NJ tree (68 taxa) MEGA3.1 Bootstrap support Only tephritids are included Bactrocera 99% 99% B. cucurbitae Ceratitis + Dacus Rhagoletis 99% Anastrepha

Tephritid Barcoding Initiative Contact: Bruce McPheron, Penn State, USA Chair, TBI Steering Committee bam10@psu.edu TBI Coordinators: Allen Norrbom, USDA, USA Marc De Meyer, RMCA, Belgium Steering Committee Members: Karen Armstrong, New Zealand Norman Barr, USA Amnon Freidberg, Israel Ho-Yeon Han, South Korea George Roderick, USA Ian White, UK