II. REVOLUTION IN CHINA A. The Fall of the Qing The Dynasty is now to try to reform itself. New educational system based on west replaced civil service. Local governments were set up. 1. The Rise of Sun Hat-Sen First signs of revolution appeared during the last decade of the 19th century when Sun Yat-sen formed the Revive China Society. He developed a three stage reform process. First would be a military takeover. Second a transitional phase where prepare for democratic rule. Third establishment of a constitutional democracy. Eventually formed the Revolutionary Alliance. Advocated Three People’s Principles, which promoted nationalism, Democracy, and livelihoods.

2. The Revolution of 1911 Launched and uprising in central China. Caused Qing to collapse. Sun’s party not really strong enough to create a government so turn to Yuan Shigai to help and he controlled the army. The Revolutionary Alliance supported mainly by an emerging urban middle class. 3. An Era of Civil War After collapse the military took over. Yuan understood very little about the western ideas sinking into China. Clashed with Sun party now called the Nationalist Party. Sun eventually fled to Japan.

B. Cultural Changes Chinese culture reflected the struggle between Confucian social ideas and those of the West. Most striking in the cities. 1. Society in Transition The growth of industry and trade was especially noticeable in the cities, where there was a national market for such commodities. The Chinese economy had never been more productive. Transportation, banking, foreign investments at an all time high. Westerners introduced modern transportations and communications. Created an export market; integrated the Chinese market into the 19th century world economy. China paid a heavy price for the new way. Imperialism imposed a state of dependence on China, and many Chinese were exploited. After WWI business people began to develop new ventures. Shanghai became big. 2. Culture in Transition In cities the educated and wealthy had been visibly affected by the growing western presence. Confucian social ideas were declining rapidly. The first change in traditional culture came when intellectuals began to introduce western books, paintings, music, and ideas to China. Western literature became popular.