1. Revolution in China

2. The Fall of the Qing
When the Boxer Rebellion failed the Qing Dynasty tried to reform itself
Empress Dowager Ci Xi began to embrace new reforms after resisting for so many years
With these new reforms China
- created a new education system based on Western models
- Dropped the civil service examination system
- fomed legislative assemblies in 1909 at the provincial, or local level
- Held elections for a National assembly in 1910

3. The Fall of the Qing
The new elite were made up of merchants, professionals, and reform minded gentry
The political change in China was very slow
- The new assemblies were not allowed to make or pass laws
- Only allowed to give advise to the ruler
- This angered the new elite

4. The Fall of the Qing Dynasty
The new reforms did not help the peasants, artisans, or miners
- These people were experiencing worsening living conditions
- Their taxes were also being increased
This lead to growing resentment which the dynasty ignored

5. The Rise of Sun Yat- Sen
First signs of revolution appeared during the 1890s
- A young radical, by the name of Sun Yat- Sen formed the Revive China Society
Sun Yat- Sen believed:
- The Qing dynasty was in decay
- It could no longer govern the country
- China would remain at the mercy of other countries unless it could unite under a strong government
- China should follow the pattern of Western countries
- The Chinese people were not ready for Democracy

6. The Rise of Sun Yat- Sen He developed a three stage reform process
1st Stage- Military takeover
2nd Stage- transitional phase, his democratic party would prepare the people for democratic rule
3rd Stage- Establish a constitutional democracy
1905 he united members of radical groups from all over China
- They formed the Revolutionary Alliance, later called the Nationalist Party

7. The Rise of Sun Yat- Sen
This group advocated Sun Yat- Sen’s Three People’s Principles
This promoted:
- nationalism
- democracy
- the right for individuals to pursue their own livelihoods
Due to the discontent of the people over the Qing Dynasty the organization began to grow in numbers

8. The Revolution of 1911 Empress Dowager Ci Xi died in 1908
Her Nephew Guang Xu died in his palace prison one day before
The throne was then occupied by an infant, Henry Pu Yi
- he was deemed the “last emperor”

9. The Revolution of 1911
October of 1911 Sun Yat- sen’s followers started an uprising in China
- Sun was traveling in America
Despite the fact that the uprising did not have an official leader, the Qing Dynasty collapsed
This opened the door for new political forces to take over
Sun’s party did not have the military or political strength it needed to form a new government

10. The Revolution of 1911 The party turned to General Yuan Shigai
- He was very prominent in military circles
- was in charge of the imperial army that was sent to put down the rebellion
- Abandoned the government and negotiated with Sun’s organization
- Agreed to serve as president of a new Chinese Republic, and allowed the election of a new legislature

11. The Revolution of 1911
Sun returns back to China in January of 1912 after reading about the revolution in a newspaper
Sun’s party viewed the events as a glorious revolution that ended 2000 years of imperial rule
However it did not produce a new political or social order

12. The Revolution of 1911
The Revolutionary Alliance was supported my a growing urban middle class
- program was based on Western, liberal democratic principles
- this middle class was too small to support the new order fully
The majority of Chinese peasants still lived on the land and did not support the new policies

13. An Era of Civil War
After the collapse of the dynasty, the military took over
Sun and his followers accepted General Yuan as president due to
- lack of military force to compete
- Fear of the revolt collapsing and western powers intervening
Even though they accepted him, they did not trust him. Nor did his allies

14. An Era of Civil War
Yuan did not understand the new ideas that were based on the West
- He ruled in a traditional manner
- Tried to set up a new imperial dynasty
- Used murder and terror to try to destroy the new democratic institution
This angered the reformers
Traditionalists hate him because he betrayed the government he worked for

15. An Era of Civil War
Doctorial efforts by Yuan leads to clashes with Sun’s party, now the Nationalist Party
Yuan dissolved the new parliament causing the Nationalists to start a rebellion
- this rebellion failed
- Sun Yat- sen flees to Japan
Yuan goes on to rule until his death in 1916
- He was succeeded by one of his officers

16. An Era of Civil War Over the next few years China slips into civil war
- due to the disintegration of the central government
- Military warlords seizing power in Chinese provinces

17. Cultural Changes
Western influences forced the Chines to adapt to new ways of thinking and living
The early 1900s reflected the conflict between Confucian social ideas and those of the West

18. Society in Transition
The growth of industry and trade was very noticeable in the cities where a national market for commodities had appeared
- Commodities are marketable goods such as oil, copper, salt, and tea
The Chinese economy had become more productive
Foreign investment grew
- money from this went to modernizing the Chinese economy

19. Society in Transition
New crops were brought in from other countries helped food production, which encouraged a population growth
Westerners coming to China affected the Chinese economy in three ways
- They introduced modern transportation and communication
- They created an export market
- They integrated the Chinese market into the 19th century world economy

20. Society in Transition
Some embraced the changes and felt like it quickened the pace for change
Western influence forced China to think in new ways and inspired them to modernize
However China did experience negative aspects of Western influence
- Imperialism imposed a state of reliance on China
- The people of China were exploited
- Condition of underdevelopment
- Local industries were destroyed
- profits went to foreign countries rather than to China

21. Society in Transition
During the first quarter of the 20th century the pace of change quickened even more
After WWI Chinese businessmen began to develop new ventures
Shanghai became the place to live for the upper class in China
China also experienced a growing middle class and an industrial working class

22. Society in Transition
Chinese society had gone through a great deal of change within the last 125 years
Before 1800
- People were mostly farmers
- they lived in villages near rice fields and in the countryside
- A small number of men were educated in the Confucian classics
- Women were at home or in the fields
- Children were expected to obey their parents, and wives were expected to submit to their husbands

23. Society in Transition 125 years later
- The society was still recognizably Chinese, but still very different
- Most Chinese people were in the cities
- the educated and the wealthy were impacted by the growing Western cultural presence
- Confucian social idea began to decline

24. Cultural Transition
There was a struggle between old and new within the culture
Reformers wanted to eliminate traditional culture
- Believed it was an instrument of oppression
- Wanted to create a China that would be respected by the modern world
In the late 19th century intellectuals began to introduce Western books, art, and ideas
Among the urban middle class Western art and literature became popular

25. Cultural Transition In rural areas traditional culture remained intact
New creative artists followed foreign trend while traditionalists held on to Chinese culture
IN Literature Western novels and short stories drew a large audience in China
Chinese writers began reflecting Western tendencies of depicting society
Mao Dun became knows as a famous modern Chinese author
- Most know for midnight, which described the changing customs of Shanghai’s urban class

26. Cultural Transition
Another author Ba Jin wrote about the disintegration of traditional Confucian ways as the younger members of large families attempted to break away from their elders
- Family, Spring, and Autumn