Criminal Intelligence and Crime Analysis Chapter 13 ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Introduction Law enforcement intelligence activities can be divided into two general areas: criminal intelligence and crime analysis Today all levels of government routinely gather and use intelligence ©2013, Taylor & Francis

History of Intelligence in Law Enforcement Red Squads COINTELPRO and Operation Chaos After 9/11, state and local agencies realized they had an important role to play in national security – The “eyes and ears” New initiatives ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Law Enforcement and Intelligence Under what circumstances can the police collect information about U.S. citizens or those living in the United States? Some claim that law enforcement and intelligence are too different The issue of civil liberties ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Criminal Intelligence Prior to the 9/11 Attacks Community Oriented Policing (COP) Problem Oriented Policing (POP) UKs’ National Intelligence Model – Intelligence-led policing ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Intelligence-Led Policing in the United States and the NCISP It took the 9/11 attacks to convince many in law enforcement that their goal should be to prevent crime rather than react to it once it occurred Pre-9/11 – RISS program – JTTF – HIDTA ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Intelligence-Led Policing in the United States and the NCISP Post 9/11 – National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) – NYPD – Fusion Centers ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Crime Analysis Crime analysis is not new A small percentage of the population commits most of the serious crime and most criminal acts occur in relatively few geographic locations Four functions of crime analysis: – Apprehend criminals – Prevent crime – Reduce disorder – Evaluate organizational procedures ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Crime Analysis Research Behind Crime Analysis – Crime tends to center around hot spots – Two developments – research confirmed police could prevent crime if they had sufficient knowledge, and the rapid improvement of computers suggested that law enforcement actually could have an effect on crime – “Problem Oriented Policing” (POP) SARA Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Crime Analysis Types of Crime Analysis: Crime Mapping – “Pins in maps” – The availability of GIS – COMPSTAT – Predictive policing Types of Crime Analysis: Tactical Crime Analysis – Obtaining the “business” records of criminals – Social network analysis (SNA) ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Crime Analysis Types of Crime Analysis: Criminal Investigative Analysis (CrIA) – Mistakenly referred to as “behavioral profiling” – Investigative techniques combined with psychological insights – Asks “what, why, who” when investigating crime MO Ritual behavior Organized and disorganized offenders Types of Crime Analysis: Geographic Profiling – Can predict crime patterns and gain important insights into offenders ©2013, Taylor & Francis

Conclusion Intelligence in policing agencies has undergone significant change Technological advancements, GIS systems, and better theoretical models have produced a revolution in crime analysis Many currently used policing models have an intelligence component ©2013, Taylor & Francis