1. Chapter 7: RISK ASSESSMENT, SECURITY SURVEYS, AND PLANNING
Criminal Justice
Chapter 7:
RISK ASSESSMENT, SECURITY SURVEYS, AND PLANNING
Intro to Security, Instructor Name
Date, Semester

2. Introduction
Planning processes are used to identify sources of risk, implement countermeasures, and evaluate.
Security manager:
Must make recommendations
Must determine the financial impact

3. The Concept of Risk Risk defined:
The possibility of suffering harm or loss, exposure to the probability of loss or damage, an element of uncertainty, or the possibility that results of an action may not be consistent with the planned or expected outcomes.

4. Types of Risk Pure Risk:
When there is a potential for injury, damage, or loss with no possible benefit.
Dynamic Risk:
Exists when threat conditions fluctuate.

5. Types of Risk (cont.) Speculative Risk: Static Risk: Inherent Risk:
Exists when there is a potential for benefit or loss
Static Risk:
Is constant and unchanging
Inherent Risk:
Unavoidable because of the nature of the business

6. Risk Assessment and Management Techniques
Through risk management, security professionals anticipate, recognize and analyze potential risks and loss-creating threats, and implement strategies to mitigate loss and damage.

7. Elimination, Reduction, Mitigation
Eliminate risk
Reduce the probability of loss
Mitigate damage if threat materializes

8. Vulnerability, Probability, Criticality
Vulnerability (exposure)
Probability (likelihood)
Criticality (impact)
Vulnerability x Probability x Criticality = Risk Level

9. Risk Assessment
Risk assessment involves a critical, objective analysis of an organization’s entire protective system.
Measures:
Subjective (qualitative)
Objective (quantitative)

10. The Security Survey
A security survey is used to evaluate an entire organization to identify risks and security deficiencies.
A security instrument (checklist) is often used to conduct a security survey.

11. The Security Survey (cont.)
Nature of the organization
Country
Neighborhood
Perimeter
Building itself
Restricted areas

12. The Security Survey (cont.)
Alarm and surveillance systems
Fire protection
Personnel security
Information protection
Procedures for investigations

13. The Security Survey (cont.)
Collection of business and criminal intelligence
Reporting systems
Operations
Liaison activities
Counterterrorism

14. The Security Survey (cont.)
Organizational policies
Safety procedures
Indoctrination and education
Objective as well as subjective measures may be used

15. Planning and Budgeting
Plan Types
Single-use plan
Repeat-use (standing) plan
Tactical plan (operational plan)
Strategic plan
Contingency plan

16. Plan Elements Common elements: Needs assessment/risk assessment
Development of alternative courses of action
Selection of an action plan

17. Planning Tools CompStat (Computer-driven Statistics)
Geographic information system (GIS) technology

18. Budgeting Financial impact of each action plan must be determined.
Requires a budget
Plan expressed in financial terms
Cost-benefit analysis
Return on investment (ROI)
Value-added contribution (VAC)

19. Types of Budgets Traditional (simple % increase)
Line item (description/cost of each item)
Performance-based (tied to performance objectives)
Zero-based (justified each budget period)

20. Budget Expenditures Elements of a budget include: Personnel expenses
Operating expenses
Supplies and materials
Capital expenditures
Miscellaneous expenses

21. Selling the Plan
All stakeholders should be involved in the decision- making process
Generate support for plan
Convincingly describe and demonstrate security’s return on investment

22. Contingency Planning
Contingency plan should address operational elements adversely affected by change and all conceivable variables and requirements.
Business (operations) Continuity Plans
Ensures normal operations are not disrupted by significant events.

23. Disaster and Emergency Plans
Should occur at individual, organizational, local, state and federal levels
National Incident Management System (NIMS): National Plan
State-level Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS): State Plan

24. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Based on the theory that the environment can be protected, and crime prevented, through the proper design of facilities and communities.
Emphasis is based on effective use of architecture, building codes, and defensible space.

25. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (cont.)
History of CPTED:
Not new
Used by cave dwellers
1970s crime prevention
Community policing and problem solving

26. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (cont.)
Assumptions:
Environment can be manipulated to produce behavioral effects that prevent crime and improve the quality of life.
Includes activities, structures, policies designed to positively impact human behavior