Chapter 4 – Correlation and Regression before: examined relationship among 1 variable (test grades, metabolism, trip time to work, etc.) now: will examine relationship between 2 variables (study time and test grades, age and metabolism, trip time to work and distance to work, etc.)

The 2 Variables Response variable – measures an outcome of a study Explanatory variable – explains or influences changes in a response variable Ex. The number of hours you study and the grade you earn explanatory: hours studiedresponse: grade Ex. Safety training hours at an industrial plant and the number of work hours lost due to accidents. explanatory: training hoursresponse: work hours Ex. y=2x+4 explanatory: x response: y

Ways to examine 2 variables Form – shape (linear, exponential, parabola, none) Direction – positive or negative slope Strength – how tight do the points fit the line of best fit Terminology: graph “y against x” means:

Scatter plot Shows relationship between two quantitative variables Each dot represents an individual data point (x,y) Positive Negative None

Strength & Direction of Linear Relationship Measured by the correlation coefficient; r Expanding this formula for 3 data points yields :

Find the r value

Facts about r Value is always between: -1 and 1 – If r is negative, then there is a negative relationship – If r is positive, then there is a positive relationship – If r = -1 or r = 1, then all points lie on a straight line

Facts about r Strength of correlation: – Values close to -1 or 1 signify a strong linear rel. – If r = -1 or r = 1, then all points lie on a straight line – Values close to 0 signify a weak linear rel. For the sake of this class Moderate Strong Weak

Lurking Variables Def: neither explanatory or response, but may be responsible for changes in these variables. Ex. In the past few years, the population of Lynchburg has increased. It was observed that during this time there was a correlation between the number of people attending church and the number of people in jail. Hopefully church attendance doesn’t cause people to go to jail. Lurking Variable – population growth

Facts continued No distinction between explanatory and response variable (you will get the same r value if you swap the two variables) r has no unit Not resistant to outliers Is not a complete description of two-variables

Find the r value of the reality data

Least squares regression line (LSRL) Makes the sum of the square distances of the vertical lines the smallest Used to predict the value of y.

How to find this line Recall: any line Regression line: **** USE CAUTION WITH THE “b” ****

Example Make a scatter plot on your calculator. Find the equation for the regression line and then graph it on your scatter plot. What may be a good list price for a 1,700 sq ft home? 2,500 sq ft home?

Facts about LSRL Distinction between explanatory and response different than – Even though graphs will change the value for the regression r, will not. Close connection between slope and correlation

LSRL Facts continued LSRL always passes through point: r 2 is a measure of the proportion of variation that is explained by the regression line. – “how much of r is explained by the points” – if r = then r 2 = 0.56 which means that 56% of the variations are accounted for by the LSRL.

Residuals Residual = observed value – predicted value If residual is a positive (+) number, point is above line If residual is a negative (-) number, point is below line The mean of residuals is always zero

Extrapolation Def: Use of LSRL to predict results outside the range of values used to calculate the LSRL – Such predictions are not accurate – Ex. – Predict the value of y when x=10 – Since you used x-values of 1-4 to find the LSRL, it is not accurate to predict what y will be at an x- value of 10.

Association does not imply causation No cause and effect. Changes in explanatory variable (x) will not always cause changes in response variable (y) Ex. The more TV’s a country has, the longer people live. So to improve the life expectancy in other countries ship more TV’s to them.

HW Pg 144 #’s: 1,2,5,6,13b,14b,16b,17b,20c Pg 160 #’s: 3,9-12 parts ce, 18cf Excel: create a scatter plot with trend line and r 2 of data in guided exercise 4 on page 157. Directions are on page 159.