A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (1 of 21) Universidad de Malaga, Depto. Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Computacion 22/03/2006 A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm D.A. Dervos (1), N. Samaras (2), G. Evangelidis (2), T. Folias (2) (1) Information Technology Dept., Alexander Technology Educational Institute (ATEI), P.O. BOX 141, Sindos, Greece (2) Dept. of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, P.O. BOX 1591, Thessaloniki, Greece {samaras, gevan, ASIS&T 2006 Annual Meeting, November 3-8, Austin, TX, U.S.A.

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (2 of 21) Citation Indexing (C.I.) C.I. improves scientific communication by: revealing relationships between articles, drawing attention to important corrections or retractions of published work, identifying significant improvements of criticisms of earlier work, and helping limit the wasteful duplication of prior research S. Lawrence, C.L. Giles, K. Bollacker, Digital Libraries and Autonomous Citation Indexing, IEEE Computer Magazine, 32 (6) (1999), pp

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (3 of 21) Drawbacks 1. Undue weight to highly cited review articles vs. original research contributions (1) 2. Articles ranked on the basis of their popularity, only. In the near future: a shift from an evaluation based on popularity, i.e. citation frequency, to an evaluation that will also incorporate the prestige of those who cite the article in question (2) 3. Unfair to author(s) of the cited item whose name(s) do(es) not appear in the authors list of the citing item, yet the scheme is taken to comprise a self-citation … etc. 1. J.S. Hirsch, An Index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(46), pp , J. Bollen, M.A. Rodriguez, H. Van de Sompel, Journal Status, retrieved on 19 June, 2006 from:

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (4 of 21) Today Internet based scholarly communication environment Open access movement Globalization in academia and research … re-define the accessibility factor for published works, and call for an improved scheme that assesses the contribution research publications, authors, and scientific collections make in promoting science and technology Advanced tools and methodologies … make possible the extraction of useful information from large citation databases

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (5 of 21) Our Contribution Citations considered to target (article, author) pairs Cascading citations (up to a pre-specified depth) A new concept: the chord … we have chosen to extend the citation indexing paradigm, prior to conducting analysis on the citations data

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (6 of 21) Hypothetical Collection: Citation Graph Captures the citation indexing inter-relationships for a given collection of research publica- tions (e.g. journal and/or confe- rence proceedings articles), at a given instance in time.

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (7 of 21) 1-gen (direct) citation example … one source: 2 two targets: (1,A) and (1,B) two 1-gen citations

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (8 of 21) 2-gen citation example … one source: 5 one target: (2,A) one 2-gen citation

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (9 of 21) Self-Citation A k-gen (k=1,2,…) citation path having article S as its source and (T,A) as its target comprises a k-gen self- citation instance when the author in the target item (A) is present in the authors list of the source article (S)

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (10 of 21) Self-citation example … one source: 5 two targets : (1,A) and (1,B) one 3-gen citation on (1,A) one 3-gen self-citation on (1,B)

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (11 of 21) Chord A k-gen (k=2,3,…) (self-)chord comprises a case where a k-gen (self-) citation co-exists with a 1-gen (self-) citation involving the same source (S) and the same target (T,A). Justification: a target item to watch: the source cites it not only indirectly, but also directly. In essence, it involves a co-citation instance at the source-, and a bibliographic coupling instance at the target- ends. As a concept, it may be further generalized.

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (12 of 21) Medal Standings Type Output Intentionally left un-modulated/un-weighted to: 1.Just deliver the information present in the graph 2.Facilitate subsequent analysis (data mining) …the Cascading Citations Indexing Framework: c 2 IF

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (13 of 21) For c 2 IF_Sys to Work… …Universal Author Identifier (UAI) A web-based service Authors acquire unique IDs that remain invariant for life Alleviates discrepancies originating from misspel- led names, homonyms, name aliases, or name varia- tions (e.g. Eugene Garfield, E. Garfield, Eugène Garfield, etc.) Decentralized administration: involves libraries, and publishers. Not tied to any one single source of interest (publisher, citation database vendor, etc.)

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (14 of 21) C-CAP ( Sponsors: Research Committee, Technology Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Research Committee, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki Thomson Scientific

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (15 of 21) c 2 IF_Sys/UAI_Sys Architecture

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (16 of 21) UAI_Sys/c 2 IF_Sys User: Four Phases PHASE 1 (UAI_Sys) Registration PHASE 2 (c 2 IF_Sys) Aggregate Citations Results: non-reliable PHASE 3 (UAI_Sys) Authorization PHASE 4 (c 2 IF_Sys) Aggregate + Per article Results: reliable

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (17 of 21) UAI_Sys: User Registration

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (18 of 21) c 2 IF_Sys: Unauthorized User

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (19 of 21) UAI_Sys: User Authorization

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (20 of 21) c 2 IF_Sys: Authorized User

A New Framework for the Citation Indexing Paradigm ASIS&T 2006 A.M. 3-8 November 2006 (21 of 21) c 2 IF: A new framework for the calculation of improved research value ratings for publications, at the (article, author) level 1-gen, 2-gen, …, k-gen citations considered, the result presented in the form of a ‘medals standings’ table The chord concept. Interesting observation: involves co-citations at the (common) source end, and bibliographic coupling at the (common) target end. Conclusion and Further Research c 2 IF_Sys performance optimization k-gen weights will make possible the calculation of one single citations rank value for each one (author, article) pair, then… …this will ease the calculation of a new, improved impact factor value at the host publication/event level (journal, conference/workshop proceedings) How about generalizing the chord concept to cover zero or one k-gen (k > 0) citations, all involving the same source-, and target- items? Analysis (DM) on the medal standings table content The End Thank You for Your Attention !