THE SCIENCE OF LIFE Reference: Modern Biology CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1 Sect 1-1, 1-2 Reference: Modern Biology Pgs

Biology is the Study of Life! Biology is the Study of Life! Certain ‘themes’ unify or connect all Living Things. Certain ‘themes’ unify or connect all Living Things. Living things, no matter how diverse, share common characteristics. Living things, no matter how diverse, share common characteristics. BIG IDEA

Biology - The Study of Life BIOLOGY-the study of all living things, BIOLOGY-the study of all living things, or, organisms - like plants, animals, insects, bacteria, humans). EXAMPLES of Biological Sciences: – Histology-the study cells and tissues – Genetics-the study of how traits are inherited – Microbiology-the study of microorganisms – Ecology-how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

SECTION 1-1 UNIFYING THEMES OF BIOLOGY 1. Cell Structure & Function 3. Stability & Homeostasis 2. Reproduction & Inheritance 4. Evolution 5. Interdependence of Organisms 6. Matter, Energy & Organization The study of Biology is unified by six themes, or patterns that connect al living things

The World of Biology

All organisms, no matter how different, have certain characteristics in common THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ! THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

All organisms are made of and develop from cells – the basic unit of life. CELL - One Name, Many Types 1. MADE OF CELLS

UNICELLULAR UNICELLULAR-made of only one cell (amoeba, paramecium) MULTICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR-made up of many different types of cells working together (human, tree, spider, dog, crab grass…) MADE OF CELLS

Unicellular exact clones Unicellular – Each new cell is identical to the parent cell – they are exact clones of their parents. Multicellular not clones Multicellular – Although multicellular organisms begin as a single cell….cells become different from each other - according to the genetic code found in the organisms DNA - as they multiply. All multicellular organisms are a combination of two parents, but are different from them – not clones. DIFFERENTIATION

All cells, no matter what kind, have similarities as well as differences. Certain cell structures help determine the function of the cell. Examples: Red Blood Cells – carry oxygen Plant cells – carry out photosynthesis Unicellular Microorganisms – carry out ALL of life processes.

All organisms are highly organized… They are organized at the molecular and cellular level. DNA & Proteins are organized in complex ways Cell structures (organelles) carry out specific functions. 2. ORGANIZED

Levels of Hierarchy of Biological Organization: Cells  tissues Tissues  organs Organs  systems Systems  ORGANISM

All organisms use energy and get rid of waste… All organisms use energy to grow, reproduce and make repairs. Living things get energy through a process called metabolism. 3. USE ENERGY

How organisms obtain, use and transfer energy is a major topic of study in biology. ALL energy for life on earth comes from the SUN.

Autotrophs- Autotrophs-organisms that can get energy by producing their own food. EXAMPLES: plants and some EXAMPLES: plants and some unicellular organisms Heteroptrophs- Heteroptrophs-organisms that must get energy by eating other organisms EXAMPLES: some unicellular organisms, all animals and fungi EXAMPLES: some unicellular organisms, all animals and fungi

All organisms maintain stable, internal conditions and respond to their environment. Homeostasis - Homeostasis - stable level of internal conditions found in all living cells Organisms respond to external stimuli May be simple or complex. Organisms respond to external stimuli May be simple or complex. EXAMPLE: Bird fluffing its feathers to stay warm. 4. HOMEOSTASIS

All organisms grow and develop… 5. GROW & DEVELOP

Growth is the increase in the amount of living material in an organism. Development is the series of changes an organism undergoes in reaching its final adult form.

All organisms reproduce… All organisms come from existing organisms. They reproduce and transfer their hereditary information to their offspring. Create more of their own species. Essential to the survival of the species…NOT of the individual organism. 6. REPRODUCTION

2 Types of Reproduction: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION-heredity information is not combined - only one organism’s DNA is used. Offspring are identical to parent. EXAMPLES: bacteria and other unicellular organisms (clones) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- heredity information (DNA)from two organisms from the same species combine. Offspring are different from both parents and from any other offspring. EXAMPLE: monkey having a baby Egg and sperm  zygote (fertilized egg).

Organisms transfer their hereditary information to their offspring in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – the “book” of life. A gene is a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait. vs. Lung Cells vs. Thyroid Cells Each “turn on” different genes

Compare and Contrast: 1.Make a chart that lists the six characteristics of life. 2.Watch the following video clip, IS IT ALIVE…OR IS IT?? IS IT ALIVE…OR IS IT?? IS IT ALIVE…OR IS IT?? 3.Use the chart to help you determine whether the object is living or non-living. Support your decision. DO NOW