1. Reference: Modern Biology CHAPTER 1
THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
Reference:
Modern Biology
CHAPTER 1

2. Reference: Modern Biology Pgs. 4 - 13
Chapter 1 Sect 1-1, 1-2
Reference:
Modern Biology
Pgs

3. BIG IDEA Biology is the Study of Life!
Certain ‘themes’ unify or connect all Living Things.
Living things, no matter how diverse, share common characteristics.

4. Biology - The Study of Life
BIOLOGY-the study of all living things, or, organisms - like plants, animals, insects, bacteria, humans).
EXAMPLES of Biological Sciences:
Histology-the study cells and tissues
Genetics-the study of how traits are inherited
Microbiology-the study of microorganisms
Ecology-how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
Bios is the Greek word for life. - Biology includes the study of the microscopic structures of single cells, as well as the global interactions of millions of organisms. A biologist can study a single-celled microscopic algae found in a pond or the interactions between the abundant and diverse organisms that live in the rainforests of the Amazon.

5. Section 1-1 unifying themes of biology
The study of Biology is unified by six themes, or patterns that connect al living things
1. Cell Structure & Function
3. Stability & Homeostasis
2. Reproduction & Inheritance
4. Evolution
The study of Biology is unified by six themes, or patterns that connect all living things:
Biology is unified by certain themes, that come into play No Matter what Organism or What Kind of Interaction is studied. The SIX MAJOR THEMES recur throughout our textbook.
Each of these themes will be covered in depth and emphasized throughout the course.
5. Interdependence of Organisms
6. Matter, Energy & Organization

7. The World of Biology

8. The Characteristics of Life
All organisms, no matter how different, have certain characteristics in common
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE !

9. CELL - One Name, Many Types
1. MADE OF CELLS
All organisms are made of and develop from cells – the basic unit of life.
CELL - One Name, Many Types

10. UNICELLULAR-made of only one cell (amoeba, paramecium)
MULTICELLULAR-made up of many different types of cells working together (human, tree,
spider, dog, crab grass…)

11. Unicellular – Each new cell is identical to the parent cell – they are exact clones of their parents.
Multicellular – Although multicellular organisms begin as a single cell….cells become different from each other - according to the genetic code found in the organisms DNA - as they multiply. All multicellular organisms are a combination of two parents, but are different from them – not clones.
DIFFERENTIATION
Cells are the basic unit of life – they are small, but highly organized. They contain structures that carry out the cells life processes.
There are many different kinds of cells, but all cells share similar features.
Similar features – surrounded by a membrane and contain genetic material

12. Certain cell structures help determine the function of the cell.
All cells, no matter what kind, have similarities as well as differences.
Certain cell structures help determine the function of the cell.
Examples:
Red Blood Cells – carry oxygen
Plant cells – carry out photosynthesis
Unicellular Microorganisms – carry out ALL of life processes.

13. 2. ORGANIZED All organisms are highly organized…
They are organized at the molecular and cellular level.
DNA & Proteins are organized in complex ways
Cell structures (organelles) carry out specific functions.
Living things are more organized than non-living things.
DNA & protein structures are highly organized and contribute to their special functions in living organism.

14. Levels of Hierarchy of Biological Organization: Cells  tissues
Tissues  organs
Organs  systems
Systems ORGANISM
In Multicellular organisms, different kinds of cells group together to make up more complex structures….together, these structures are organized into an even more complex structure, all interacting to create a single organized living creature.

15. Whether an organisms is unicellular or multicellular the organization of the organism shows itself in the way an organism is put together as well as the way it operates. Dandelions plants are made up of complex cells which are organized into stems, leaves, roots and flowers. All come together and interact with one another to create a single, orderly living system. For example, Dandelions mature quickly to produce seeds that withstand drought and freezing.

16. 3. USE ENERGY All organisms use energy and get rid of waste…
All organisms use energy to grow, reproduce and make repairs.
Living things get energy through a process called metabolism.
Metabolism-all of the chemical processes that take place in a living organism.

17. ALL energy for life on earth comes from the SUN.
How organisms obtain, use and transfer energy is a major topic of study in biology.
ALL energy for life on earth comes from the SUN.

18. Autotrophs-organisms that can get energy by producing their own food.
EXAMPLES: plants and some
unicellular organisms
Heteroptrophs-organisms that must get energy by eating other organisms
EXAMPLES: some unicellular organisms, all animals and fungi
Organisms are classified or name on how they get their energy…
Where sunlight is unavailable, some organisms can make their own food using inorganic material found around them in their environment. They make everything they need using inorganic material such as sulfur and ammonia to produce their own food. Instead of photosynthesis, these organisms perform Chemosynthesis. The life forms that do this are bacteria & some protozoa.

19. 4. HOMEOSTASIS
All organisms maintain stable, internal conditions and respond to their environment.
Homeostasis - stable level of internal conditions found in all living cells
Organisms respond to external stimuli May be simple or complex.
EXAMPLE: Bird fluffing its feathers to stay warm .
Organisms respond to external stimuli :
temperature
water content
food intake
blood glucose levels
Sleep
Also, all living organisms interact with other living organisms as well as their non-living environment.
The branch of biology concerned with these interactions is called Ecology.
Ecology-the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment.
1. Ecology comes from the GREEK Words OIKOS (HOUSE OR PLACE WHERE ONE LIVES) and LOGOS (STUDY OF).
2. Ecology then means the study of the "House" in which we live.
3. Ecology can be defined more specifically as the Study of the Interactions between Organisms and the Nonliving Components of their Environment.
All organisms need substances (nutrients, water, gases, shelter) from their environmen

20. 5. GROW & DEVELOP All organisms grow and develop…
Many non-living things grow as well. Keep in mind that living things grow as a result of cell enlargement and cell division.

21. material in an organism.
Growth is the increase
in the amount of living
material in an organism.
Development is the series of changes an organism undergoes in reaching its final adult form.
DEVELOPMENT-The series of changes in which an organisms undergoes in reaching its final adult form; or from a lower to a higher state of organization.
Metamorphosis - is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some insects, amphibians, molluscs, crustaceans, Cnidarians, echinoderms and tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is usually accompanied by a change of habitat or behavior.

22. 6. REPRODUCTION All organisms reproduce…
All organisms come from existing organisms. They reproduce and transfer their hereditary information to their offspring.
Create more of their own species.
Essential to the survival of the species…NOT of the individual organism.

23. 2 Types of Reproduction:
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION-heredity information is not combined - only one organism’s DNA is used. Offspring are identical to parent.
EXAMPLES: bacteria and other unicellular organisms (clones)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- heredity information (DNA)from two organisms from the same species combine. Offspring are different from both parents and from any other offspring.
EXAMPLE: monkey having a baby
Egg and sperm  zygote (fertilized egg).

24. Organisms transfer their hereditary information to their offspring in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – the “book” of life.
A gene is a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait.
vs.
At each stage of an organisms development, only some genes are active or expressed…
For example – your thyroid gland contains thyroid cells that utilizes the gene segment that codes for thyroid hormone so the cell will produce that hormone. A lung cell, on the other hand, will ignore that gene.
Lung Cells vs. Thyroid Cells
Each “turn on” different genes

25. This baby has inherited some traits from its mom and some from its dad…it may look similar to one or both of them, but its DNA is a combination of the two!

26. Do Now Compare and Contrast:
Make a chart that lists the six characteristics of life.
Watch the following video clip, IS IT ALIVE…OR IS IT??
Use the chart to help you determine whether the object is living or non-living. Support your decision.