- Since the material in your research paper will contain information from the work of others, you must give proper credit by citing your sources. - Use citations for direct quotes, paraphrasing, statistics, or other information that is clearly not your own. - Exceptions: You do not need to cite sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations, or common knowledge. Source:

Sample Exercise – let’s say I want to write a research paper on the cultural significance of hockey in Canada.

-I would start investigating resources and taking notes. As I do this, I would also immediately record the information for each source that I could potentially cite in my essay. - Microsoft Office is very useful for documenting this information.

In-Text Citations: the Basics  MLA uses parenthetical citations within the text of your research paper  Parenthetical citations depend on the medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD)  Parenthetical citations also depend on the source’s entry on the Works Cited page (i.e. where the full bibliographic information is located)  Signal word in the text is the first thing in the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page Source:

Author-Page Style (i.e. for books) In-text Example: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). Corresponding Works Cited Entry: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., Source: /

Special Note: On the Works Cited Entry on the previous slide, the title of the book was underlined. Italics may be used instead of underlining (this is the new trend), just make sure that you consistently use only one method. Corresponding Works Cited Entry: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967.

Print Source with Author In-text Example: Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). Source: Corresponding Works Cited Entry: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.

With Unknown Author In-text Example: We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6). Corresponding Works Cited Entry: “The Impact of Global Warming in North America.” GLOBAL WARMING: Early Signs Web. 23 Mar Source:

Other In-Text Citations Authors with Same Last Names In-text Example: Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46). Source:

Other In-Text Citations cont. Work by Multiple Authors In-text Examples: Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76). The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76). Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4). Source:

Other In-Text Citations cont. Citing Indirect Sources In-text Example: Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259). Multiple Citations In-text Example:... as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21). Source:

Other In-Text Citations cont. Newspaper articles, magazine articles, CD-Rom Articles, Internet sources, etc. -In most cases, simply using the author’s last name in the parenthetical citation (no page number required) will suffice eg (Wilson) - if there is no author, then utilize a title or heading placed in quotation marks eg (“War of 1812”) Source:

“NOTE: In unusual cases, common sense should determine what to use in a citation. Choose the name, word or phrase that will allow the reader to easily identify the source in your list of Works Cited. (As a rule, whatever comes first in the bibliography entry forms the basis of the citation.) Keep citations brief and simple.” Source:

Formatting Long Quotations (four or more lines) In-text Example: Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)