Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? ECFC CHAPTER 4 7/3/2001 Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

ECFC CHAPTER 4 7/3/2001 Chapter 9 Objectives Describe the roles of leaders, managers, and followers. Discuss leadership theories over time. Identify leadership styles. List skills required of leaders at different organizational levels. Name basic characteristics and behaviors of effective leaders. Explain leadership needs for the future. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Understanding Leadership Every group will have a leader. The leader contributes to the success or failure of whatever effort he or she is leading. There is currently a need for leaders who can restore confidence and reassure people of the integrity and quality of organizations. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Understanding Leadership (cont.) Becoming a Manager or a Leader The terms leadership and management may be used interchangeably. But a person can be a leader without being in an officially appointed management or supervisory position. And a person can be a manager without being a leader. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Understanding Leadership (cont.) Becoming a Manager or a Leader (cont.) Management is the use of resources, including human resources, to accomplish a goal. Managers can be leaders only if employees allow them to influence their attitudes and behaviors. Influence is the ability to change the attitude or behavior of an individual or group. This ability is the result of power. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Understanding Leadership (cont.) Becoming a Manager or a Leader (cont.) Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of individuals or organized groups so they follow and willingly do what the leader wants them to do. Leadership involves: Dealing with people and developing rapport with them Applying appropriate persuasion Inspiring people Influencing people to cooperate in pursuing your goals and vision Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Understanding Leadership (cont.) Evolving Roles of Managers and Leaders Changes in today’s business environment have created the need for a different kind of manager. Challenges include: Wider generational workforce Rapid transitions in technology Changing concept of what constitutes a business workplace Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Understanding Leadership (cont.) Evolving Roles of Managers and Leaders (cont.) Managers have to adapt their styles and techniques to deal with changing times. New management styles encourage: Creativity Risk taking Healthy conflict Learning from errors Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Figure 9.1 Levels of Management within a Typical Hierarchy Executives Managers Supervisors Workers Top Management Middle-Level Management First-Level Supervision Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Understanding Leadership (cont.) Follow the Leader Success as a leader may depend on how well you develop your followers. Take the opportunity to develop leadership talent among followers so they can take the initiative. A valuable part of becoming a leader is being an effective follower. Learning effective methods of following will improve opportunities for demonstrating leadership capabilities. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

The Evolution of Leadership Theories The great man theory—certain people are born to become leaders and will eventually emerge in that role Today, we know people can learn to be leaders. Modern theories of leadership fall into three categories: Trait theories Behavioral theories Situational theories Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

The Evolution of Leadership Theories (cont.) Do Common Leadership Traits Exist? Researchers studied physical, personality, and intelligence traits of prominent leaders in various fields. They found no conclusive common traits. This led to the belief that the success of leaders is based on behavior rather than traits. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

The Evolution of Leadership Theories (cont.) Behavioral Theories Behavioral theorists believed that successful leaders could be identified by what they do rather than what they have. Researchers measured typical leader behaviors: Degree of control or authority Flexibility Concern about getting job done (task accomplishment) Concerns for subordinates or others Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

The Evolution of Leadership Theories (cont.) Behavioral Theories (cont.) McGregor suggested that leaders treat followers according to assumptions about what motivates those followers. Theory X says people inherently avoid responsibility and dislike work—leadership should be strict and controlling. Theory Y says people are eager to work and capable of doing a good job—leadership should be supportive and participative. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

The Evolution of Leadership Theories (cont.) Behavioral Theories (cont.) In the two-dimensional Managerial Grid® theory, a grid is used to plot the degree to which leaders Show concern for people Show concern for production (getting the job done) The coordinates indicate a leadership style. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

The Evolution of Leadership Theories (cont.) Situational or Contingency Theories Fiedler suggested that some leaders function best in highly directive situations while others are more permissive. Organizations should consider each situation before assigning leaders because the same person may be effective in one situation but not in another. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

The Evolution of Leadership Theories (cont.) Situational or Contingency Theories (cont.) Hersey and Blanchard developed a blend of the ideas of Blake and Mouton and Fiedler. Their model says that leadership style used with followers will vary, depending on: The job to be done Where it’s to be done How it’s to be done When it’s to be done (job situation) Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Leadership Styles A leadership style is a leader’s pattern of behavior. Autocratic leadership style: Authoritarian and directive Democratic leadership style: Participative and easy-going; preferred by managers and employees Free-rein leaders: Integrative; employees lead themselves Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Effective Leadership Skills Technical skills: Skills required to perform a particular task Conceptual skills: Administrative, problem solving, and “big picture” skills Human relations skills: Ability to deal effectively with people Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Effective Leadership Skills (cont.) Leadership skills can be acquired or developed through observation, education, and experience. You may acquire skills through: Leadership training classes Starting a learning library Coaching and mentoring Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Characteristics and Behaviors of Leaders Functional Abilities Gulick’s acronym for identifying the basic functions of business leadership: PODSCORB Planning Organizing Directing Staffing Coordinating Reporting Budgeting Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Characteristics and Behaviors of Leaders (cont.) Key characteristics of effective leaders: Communication Good decision making Taking risks Motivation Delegation Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Characteristics and Behaviors of Leaders (cont.) Attitude and Behaviors Most expected and respected behaviors of an effective leader include: Being passionate Being open-minded Being enthusiastic Being empathetic Being ethical Being competent Being courteous Being considerate Being fair Being honest Being trustworthy Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Leadership Today Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership requires that leaders: Determine what followers need to achieve their own and organizational goals Classify those needs Help followers gain confidence that they can reach their objectives It involves hierarchies and structures and followers directed by leaders. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Leadership Today (cont.) Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership motivates followers to do more by raising the perceived value of the task and by getting them to: Transcend self-interest for the sake of the group goal Make positive changes Strive toward self-actualization This leadership style encourages more and better everything for the greater good of the group. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Leadership Today (cont.) Servant Leadership The servant leader believes his or her mission is to serve the needs of others. Servant leaders have qualities such as honesty, good listening skills, patience, and gratitude. They are more concerned about the needs of others than their own. They use their talents to benefit the group. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Leadership Today (cont.) Leadership with Emotional Intelligence Effective leaders have a high degree of emotional intelligence. They understand and manage their own feelings and have empathy for others. They have a passion to work and pursue goals with energy and persistence. They’re good at managing relationships and building networks and are skilled at finding common ground and building rapport. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Leadership Today (cont.) Leadership Differences in Men and Women Men and women may be perceived as acting differently in leadership positions: Men may be more task oriented. Women may be more relationship oriented. Some management thinkers believe the similarities between male and female leaders outweigh the differences. Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?

Key Terms Influence Leadership Great man theory Theory X Theory Y Managerial Grid® Autocratic leadership Democratic leadership Free-rein leadership Technical skills Conceptual skills Human relations skills PODSCORB Delegation Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader?