Protein Synthesis Part II: Translation Using the length of messenger RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins. Takes place in a ribosome.

Step 1: -mRNA is attached to a ribosome ribosome

Step 2: -The ribosome “reads” the mRNA three bases at a time. -These three bases are called the mRNA codon. mRNA “codons” ribosome

Step 3: -The ribosome guides a different type of RNA to each codon. -This type of RNA is called transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA “codons” c A tRNA valine

c A tRNA valine Transfer RNA (tRNA) Made of RNA Attached to a specific amino acid Contains an anti-codon of three bases tRNA’s anticodon will pair-up with RNA’s codon. Anti-codon Amino acid

Reading a round genetic code: For the first codon (G U A): 1.Find “G” in the middle of the wheel. 2.Follow that to “U” in the next outer ring. 3.Follow that to the A in the third ring. 4.Read the name of the amino acid in the last ring. 5.In this case G U A codes for Valine.

Reading a table genetic code: For the first codon (G U A): 1.Find “G” on the left hand side. 2.Match the “G” with the “U” from the top. 3.Follow that to the A in the third ring. 4.Match both of these letters with the right hand side. 5.In this case G U A codes for Valine.

Step 4: -The ribosome guides another tRNA to the mRNA codon. mRNA “codons” c A tRNA valine G A tRNA Leucine

Step 5: -The ribosome bonds the two amino acids together. mRNA “codons” c A tRNA valine G A tRNA Leucine

Step 6: -The first tRNA releases from the mRNA and its amino acid. mRNA “codons” c A tRNA valine G A tRNA Leucine

Step 7: -The ribosome moves to the next codon. mRNA “codons” valine G A tRNA Leucine

Step 8: -The ribosome guides another tRNA to the mRNA codon. mRNA “codons” valine G A tRNA Leucine c A tRNA A valine

Step 9: -The ribosome bonds the amino acids together. mRNA “codons” valine G A tRNA Leucine c A tRNA A valine

Step 10: -A tRNA releases from the mRNA and its amino acid. mRNA “codons” valineLeucine c A tRNA A valine G A tRNA U

Step 11: -The ribosome moves to the next codon. mRNA “codons” valineLeucine c A tRNA A valine

Step 12: -The ribosome guides another tRNA to the mRNA codon. mRNA “codons” valineLeucine c A tRNA A valine Glutamic Acid G A G tRNA

Step 13: -The ribosome bonds the amino acids together. mRNA “codons” valineLeucine c A tRNA A valine Glutamic Acid G A G tRNA

Step 14: -The tRNA molecules detach from the mRNA and their amino acids. mRNA “codons” valineLeucine c A tRNA A valine Glutamic Acid G A G tRNA

Step 15: -The protein is now complete. mRNA “codons” valineLeucine valine Glutamic Acid