Striving for Independence Africa, India and Latin America

Traditional West Africa West Africa (Ghana, Songhai & Mali) –Camel facilitated travel & trade –Trade facilitated spread of Islam Slave Trade –16 th Century Europeans find this most profitable

Traditional East Africa East Africa (Swahili States) –Traded with Middle East & Asia –Established by Muslim traders

Traditional North Africa North Africa (Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli & Egypt) –Ottoman traders brought gold & salt to the region –They returned metal-ware, cloth, horses & glass

Colonization Age of Imperialism –Europeans want African resources –Europeans want captive markets for their manufactured goods

Berlin Conference Portugal wants a plan for African colonization –Otto Von Bismarck uses the opportunity to expand German control in Africa Europe divided up the continent but kept the Congo River basin open to trade

Direct vs Indirect Rule Direct Rule: –Centralized administration stressed assimilation Make Africa “civilized” (European) Divide & rule – weaken indigenous powers Indirect Rule: –used indigenous rulers to administer colonies maintained an inferior role increased divisions between ethnic groups gave power to certain "big men" who had never had it before in pre-colonial history

Independence Movements Independence movements At least 20 new nations emerge –Botswana, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Independence Movements Independence primarily in 1960 At least 20 new nations –Algeria, Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Central African Rep., Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia

Independence Movements Independence begins in 1943 Created 2 new countries Eritrea and Libya

India, the land & people Majority were Hindu, except in the north where most were Muslim –Urbanization sparked by drought –Too many native languages – English becomes language of business & government

British in India British colonization meant end of cotton & steel industries –British want raw materials –India forced to buy British products British colonists in India

Gandhi, Nehru and the INC Mohandas K. Gandhi rose to prominence by advocating non-violent resistance to British rule Jawaharlal Nehru spoke out against British policies Indian National congress favored Nehru Nehru - Gandhi

End of British Rule After WWII British decide to free India –Muhammad Ali Jinnah & Muslims want Muslim state –Nehru & Indian National Congress opposed this British break northwestern India off for Muslims - Pakistan

Mexico, the land & people Mexican society was divided into “haves” and “have nots” –Very tiny middle class with no political power Under Pres. Díaz infrastructure improves –Wealthy prosper – adopt European cultures –Educated middle class see this as a sign of –Díaz’ failure to protect Mexico from foreign