Chapter 23 Section 3

Toussaint L’Ouverture Creoles Peninsulares Miguel Hidalgo Jose Maria Morelos Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Pedro I

 First Latin American country to break ties with Europe  Located in the western Caribbean  Dan Dominique one of France’s richest possessions (sugar)

 Declarations of rights of men gave all men the right to vote  Including Mulattoes  Mixed African and French ancestry  French settlers resisted the new law  Tensions arose

Toussaint L’Ouverture- a former enslaved African led mulattoes and slaves in a bloody revolt Made him a hero in Hispaniola Napoleon sent a French General to take control 1802 French agreed to an armistice 1803 French break deal and imprison Toussaint 1804 they declared their independence

 1800’s Spain controlled Latin America including Mexico  Portugal governed Brazil  1700’s Spanish kings made improvements  Roads  Regulating trade  Colonies grew in wealth and prosperity

 Wealth gave Latin Americans greater exposure to education  Read works of Enlightenment philosophers  Learned of revolutions in France and United States

Creoles-people born in colonies and are European descent Peninsulares-colonists born in Spain Similar between Portuguese born and colonists Creoles excluded from high level government and church position

 High positions reserved for the Peninsulares  Creoles started to resent Peninsulares  1807 Napoleon invaded Spain  Creole revolutionaries decided to act

Miguel Hidalgo-1810 first to call for Mexican independence September 16, 1810 Hidalgo rang a bell and delivered a speech against the Peninsulares Death to bad government and death to the Spaniards.”

The revolt was not against Spain Spanish authorities knew he was behind the revolution He was captured and executed Hidalgo became the father of Mexican independence

Jose Maria Morelos became the new leader Organized Mexican congress with representatives Morelos wanted all people born in Mexico to be called Americans Wanted Mexico to an independent republic with guaranteed freedoms

 He led troops into Mexico  Took control of parts of Mexico  Was captured and executed for treason

 Not all Creoles wanted independence  Agustin de Iturbide wanted to lead the final battle against the revolutionaries  Believed he could end the Mexican independence movement

 Iturbide made a three part proposal  Mexico would gain its independence (1821)  Creoles and peninsulares would have equal rights  Roman catholic Church would be the official church  Both royalists and rebels joined Iturbide became Emperor Agustin I

 Most influential leader in South American independence  Known as the liberator  Born into a wealthy Creole family  Admirer of Napoleon  1811 Venezuela declared independence from Spain

 Bolivar led a series of expeditions against Spanish forces  Bolivar dreamt about an independent South America  Wanted a large united country called the Federation of the Andes

 Set up Gran Colombia  Included Venezuela  Columbia  Panama  Ecuador  Other leaders set up other countries  Peru  Bolivia

 Fought for independence in the North  Was a soldier who fought against Napoleon  Born in Argentina  Lead independent movement in Argentina

 After declaring independence for Argentina in 1816  San Martin moved to Chile  Led troops over a 15,000 foot summit  Surprised Spanish troops and win independence

 Moved to Gran Colombia  Met Simon Bolivar  San Martin resigned his position  Left Bolivar in charge

 Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807  John VI fled to Brazil  Lived there for 10 years  Raised the status of the colony  John named Rio de Janeiro the capitol

 Brazil allowed to trade with the rest of the world  John VI returned to Portugal in 1820  Left his son to rule  Bolivar and San Martin were liberating the rest of South America

 September 1822 Prince Pedro declared Brazil independent  Pedro I was soon crowned emperor  Achieve independence with very little violence