© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college ENVIRONMENT TEST! MONDAY 27th AUGUST GET STUDYING!!!!

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college TEST IS ON….. Energy flow, food chains and webs Cycles- Carbon, water and Nitrogen Population studies Human influences on ecosystems Conservation

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college

Deforestation Species Soils Rivers Atmosphere

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Over-use of Fertilisers Fertilisers contain nitrogen and phosphorus to increase plant growth Fertilisers from farm land get washed into rivers by rain The excess nutrients allow algae populations to increase drastically Bacteria feed on dead algae, so thier populations also increase Bacteria use up the oxygen in the river Other river organisms die due to lack of oxygen

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college NON BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS /

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college What is global warming? Over the last few hundred years, the average temperature of the Earth ’ s oceans has been rising. This is global warming. Why is this a problem? Global warming increases the energy in the atmosphere, making it turbulent – more storms, more droughts, more floods.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college The greenhouse effect is a theory to explain why global warming is happening. What about the greenhouse effect? The world needs the greenhouse effect. Without it the Earth would be too cold for most organisms to live. How does the greenhouse effect explain global warming? In the atmosphere is a layer of greenhouse gases. Light reaches us from the Sun. Some of it is absorbed by the Earth and warms it. Some is reflected back into space. The Earth gives off infrared radiation because it has been warmed by the Sun. With more greenhouse gases, more infrared is reflected back to the Earth, and it gets warmer still. Some infrared radiation is reflected back by the greenhouse gases. This makes the Earth warmer than it would be without the greenhouse gases.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college The key greenhouse gases Do these gases act as greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? Answer ‘ yes ’ or ‘ no ’. One of these gases in particular is on the rise, causing the ‘ enhanced greenhouse effect ’. Which gas? What processes produce this gas? A greenhouse gas is a gas in the atmosphere that reflects infrared radiation back to Earth. gasgreenhouse gas? carbon dioxide methane CFCs ozone nitrogen oxide yes

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Acid rain

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college What is acid rain? Rain is naturally slightly acidic. Why? Because carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in the falling water to make carbonic acid. carbon dioxide + water carbonic acid So what’s acid rain? It’s a term used for rain that is more acidic than normal. Acid rain forms when acidic gases in the air dissolve in the rain. These gases come from burning fossil fuels. normal rain acid rain

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Acid rain is more acidic than normal rain. But how does it compare with other acids? How acidic is acid rain? Match the pH to the substance. pH 1pH 2 pH 3pH 4 pH 6 pH 7 substancepH unpolluted rain car battery acid acid rain from a polluted area acid in your stomach pure water vinegar pH 6 pH 2 pH 4 pH 1 pH 7 pH 3

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college transport (cars, planes, trains, etc.) domestic (fires at home) generating electricity industrial furnaces and boilers forest fires, volcanoes and other natural sources What causes acid rain? All of these processes produce acidic gases which cause acid rain. Rank them in order, starting with the worst offender. 1. generating electricity 2.transport (cars, planes, trains, etc.) 3.industrial furnaces and boilers 4.forest fires, volcanoes and other natural sources 5. domestic (fires at home)

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Meet the acid gases The main acidic gases are: sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) nitrogen oxides (N 2 O, NO, NO 2 ) Acidic gases in the air can cause lung problems. Roughly how many extra deaths occurred from the 5th to the 9th of December? Is it fair to say that acid gases caused these deaths? deaths per day sulphur dioxide concentration date, December 1952 deaths per day/sulphur dioxide (ppb)

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college How is acid rain formed? Acid rain can fall many miles from the source of the pollution. What problems does acid rain cause? Burning fuels release acidic gases, mainly sulphur dioxide (power stations) and oxides of nitrogen (vehicles). Acid gases rise in the air. Acid gases react together in the clouds – sunlight encourages this reaction. Dry deposition – acid particles fall to the ground in dust. Falling rain dissolves the acidic gases. Acid rain falls to the ground. It makes soil, lakes and rivers more acidic.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college It takes a while... But acid rain is dangerous because it acts over many years. And because the changes from day to day are small, people do not notice them. Why does this make it even more dangerous? Acid rain is a dilute acid solution. The acid in your stomach is stronger and more corrosive. Think how much rain falls on a building over 200 years! Even a slight increase in the acidity of rain could have serious effects over this timescale.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college But the effects are serious Acid rain reacts to dissolve away rocks such as limestone. This destroys valuable buildings. It makes rivers and lakes more acidic. This causes problems on moors and mountains where the ground is already acidic. It allows poisonous chemicals such as aluminium salts to dissolve in water and soil. They poison trees and fish. It reduces the growth of plants, including food crops.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Is pollution getting worse – or better? Hope or horror? Try to match the year to the amount of acidic gas produced. We ’ ve added a guess for If you drew a graph of this data, what would it look like? Can you explain this trend? yearthousand tonnes of SO 2 produced in UK

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Good news, bad news So is the pollution problem getting better? Decide whether each headline is good news or bad news. Levels of acidic gases in the atmosphere are falling. We are using cars more and more. Governments all over the world have agreed to cut emissions of acidic gases. Modern devices are more energy- efficient than old ones. We are developing more and more gadgets and devices that use energy. What do you think? How could we do better?

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 1. Sulphur dioxide is an acidic gas made by... a) burning scrap metal b) burning fossil fuels c) cows as they digest grass. 2. Acid rain is caused by... a) acidic gases in the atmosphere dissolving in falling rain b) ozone in the atmosphere dissolving in falling rain c) increased sunlight. Quiz

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 3. The best way to reduce acid rain is by... a) releasing alkaline gases into the air b) pushing rain clouds out to sea with jet engines c) reducing the production of acidic gases. 4. Which of the following is NOT caused by acid rain? a) damage to buildings made of limestone b) damage to lakes in some highland areas c) asthma. Quiz

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 1. Carbon dioxide contributes significantly to the greenhouse effect. 2. Plants tend to increase the greenhouse effect by giving out carbon dioxide. 3. The rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is probably due to human activity. 4. Global warming is causing a hole in the ozone layer. True or False? True or false? Yes, most scientists agree with this statement. TRUE! Plants take in carbon dioxide during the day for photosynthesis, so they tend to reduce the greenhouse effect! FALSE! Again, most scientists now accept this statement. TRUE! CFCs are causing the hole in the ozone layer, which is letting more ultraviolet radiation reach us. This is not the same problem as global warming. FALSE!