Slide 1 THE LEARNING PROCESS

Slide 2 The Nature of Learning  “Learning is the acquisition, through maturation and experience, of new and more knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will enable the learner to make better and more adequate reactions, responses, and adjustments to new situations and conditions.”

Slide 3 Types of Learning  Cognitive Learning  Attitudinal or affective learning  Psychomotor learning

Slide 4 Types of Learning  Cognitive Learning - The acquisition of knowledge, facts, information, principles, ideas, concepts, understanding, reasoning, etc. Associate learning - Establishing the relationship between words or ideas and their meanings, between words or ideas and the things that they refer to, between principles and the situations and conditions they are applied to, etc. Problem-solving learning – Overcoming difficulties that hamper the achievement of a goal by using knowledge and skills acquired from other types of learning.

Slide 5 Types of Learning  Attitudinal or affective learning – The formation of good and acceptable attitudes, judgments, appreciations and values. Aesthetic learning Intellectual learning

Slide 6 Types of Learning  Psychomotor learning - This involves the use of the muscles in bodily movement. Bodily movement coordination - The harmonious functioning of the different parts of the body in order to achieve the preferred performance. Manipulative dexterity - The adept use of hands and feet.

Slide 7 The Tests of Learning  Greater speed  Greater precision and accuracy  Reduced effort  Less expense, hence more savings  Greater knowledge, information, and ideas  Greater understanding  Greater facility of communication  More logical reasoning  Greater innovativeness and creativity  Greater chance of employment

Slide 8 Other Kinds of Learning  Direct Learning  Indirect Learning

Slide 9 Other Kinds of Learning According to Burnham  Congenital  Temporary  Permanent

Slide 10 Other Kinds of Learning Others  Sensory learning  Motor learning  Verbal learning  Ideational learning  Attitudinal learning

Slide 11 Theories of Learning  Trial and Error  Association or Stimulus-Response Theories  Cognitive Field Theories of Learning

Slide 12 Theories of Learning  Trial and Error - A series of responses are conducted until the correct response is achieved  Association or Stimulus-Response Theories 1. Thorndike’s Connectionism Theory – based on the association between stimuli and responses. Thorndike’s laws of learning:  Law of readiness - When an organism is ready to act, action is satisfying, inaction is annoying.  Law of exercise - Means that exercise or practice reinforces learning.  Law of effect - Learning is strengthened if it gives satisfaction to the learner. It is weakened if it gives annoyance to the learner.

Slide 13 Theories of Learning 2. Conditioning Theories  Classical conditioning theory - This is demonstrated by the theory of Pavlov.  Operant conditioning theory - This theory was developed by Skinner. Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Negative factors  Social learning theory – This is the theory of Bandura and Wallace. Attention Retention Motoric reproduction Reinforcement

Slide 14 Theories of Learning  Cognitive Field Theories of Learning - Insight and understanding are used in discovering the logical relationships of things and situations which are organized into a meaningful whole to solve a problem. Kohler’s Theory Lewin’s Theory Bruner’s Theory of Learning  Acquisition  Transformation  Evaluation 4 basic concerns to any learning situation  Understanding  Readiness  Independence  Motivation

Kohler’s Insight Theory Gaining insight is a gradual process of exploring, analyzing, and restructuring perceptions until a solution is arrived at.

Gestalt Law  Law of Continuity  Law of Closure  Law of Proximity  Law of Similarity  Law of Pragnanz Slide 16

Lewin’s Topological and Vector Theory (Field Theory)  Every object exists in a field of forces that move to change it, define it, or give it a degree of stability and substance. Ex. Motivation Slide 17

Jerome Bruner’s Theory of Learning  Acquisition  Transformation  Evaluation  “instrumental conceptualism”  Mental process such as perception, concept attainment, and reasoning depends on imaginative process of construction Slide 18

4 significant concern to learning situation  Understanding Basic Relationships in the structure of a subject matter  Readiness  Development of the Independent learner  Motivation Slide 19

Slide 20 Theories of the Transfer of Learning  Mental discipline - It asserts that the skill or training gained in the study of one subject will improve the performance of the same skill in the study of another subject.  The theory of identical elements - It states that the amount of transfer depends upon the presence of identical elements in both learning situations.  The theory of generalization – It asserts that experiences in one learning situation can be applied in another learning situation.  The theory of configuration – It asserts that the learner sees the learning situation as a whole, not the parts.

Slide 21 Factors Affecting the Transfer of Learning  Mental ability  Similarities between subject matter  Motivation and effort-making capacity  Method of teaching  Facilities  Background

Points to Ponder What are the conditions in which learning takes place What is the significance of learning theories to teaching What is the role of the transfer of learning in the earning process?