Regulation of Discharges of Nuclear Facilities in Ukraine Iurii Bonchuk Radiation Protection Institute Kiev, Ukraine EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Regulatory bodies in Ukraine 2 State Nuclear Regulatory Committee of Ukraine (SNRCU) implements functions of the national regulatory body on nuclear and radiation safety normative regulation (establishing safety criteria, requirements and conditions in the area of nuclear energy use)normative regulation (establishing safety criteria, requirements and conditions in the area of nuclear energy use) licensing (issuing permits and licenses to conduct activities in this area)licensing (issuing permits and licenses to conduct activities in this area) supervision (conducting supervisory activity on observance of codes and standards on nuclear and radiation safety)supervision (conducting supervisory activity on observance of codes and standards on nuclear and radiation safety) enforcement (imposing sanctions stipulated by law in case of violations)enforcement (imposing sanctions stipulated by law in case of violations) EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MHU) is the main body in the area of health protection realize control and supervision on sanitary law compliance, state standards, criteria and requirementsrealize control and supervision on sanitary law compliance, state standards, criteria and requirements approve state sanitary standards, rules, hygienic norms (including derived levels, limits of discharge)approve state sanitary standards, rules, hygienic norms (including derived levels, limits of discharge)

Main types of facilities in Ukraine 3 4 operating NPPs (15 power units) which are subdivisions of National Nuclear Energy Generating Company ENERGOATOM:4 operating NPPs (15 power units) which are subdivisions of National Nuclear Energy Generating Company ENERGOATOM: Zaporizhzhya NPP (6 units WWER 1000) (largest NPP in Europe)Zaporizhzhya NPP (6 units WWER 1000) (largest NPP in Europe) South-Ukrainian NPP (3 units WWER 1000)South-Ukrainian NPP (3 units WWER 1000) Rivne NPP (2 units WWER 440, 2 units WWER 1000)Rivne NPP (2 units WWER 440, 2 units WWER 1000) Khmelnitsky NPP (2 units WWER 1000)Khmelnitsky NPP (2 units WWER 1000) Chornobyl NPP (3 Units at the stage of Decommissioning)Chornobyl NPP (3 Units at the stage of Decommissioning) State owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex" (SkhidGZK) (largest uranium mining enterprise in Europe), which includes Hydro-Metallurgical Plant, Ingul’skaya and Smolinskaya minesState owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex" (SkhidGZK) (largest uranium mining enterprise in Europe), which includes Hydro-Metallurgical Plant, Ingul’skaya and Smolinskaya mines 2 Spent Fuel Storage Facilities in operation at Zaporizhya NPP and Chornobyl NPP2 Spent Fuel Storage Facilities in operation at Zaporizhya NPP and Chornobyl NPP RAW storage facilities and RAW management plants: 6 Specialized Enterprises “Radon”, State Specialized Enterprise “Complex”, State Specialized Enterprise “Technocenter”RAW storage facilities and RAW management plants: 6 Specialized Enterprises “Radon”, State Specialized Enterprise “Complex”, State Specialized Enterprise “Technocenter” 2 research reactors (Kyiv, Sevastopol)2 research reactors (Kyiv, Sevastopol) EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Regulations of controlled practices in Ukraine 4  Dose limits  Derived levels: permissible (authorized) levelspermissible (authorized) levels established from dose limits for reference exposure conditions Radiation Safety Standards of Ukraine (RSSU-97) is the basic state document in Ukraine which establishes system of radiation and hygienic rules EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Limitation of public exposure Effective dose limit (DL E ) = 1 mSv per year the value of the effective dose to individuals from controlled practices that shall not be exceeded 5 Exposure from separate facility Total exposure Quota of DL E = µSv per year the value of the effective dose to individuals (critical group) from separate facility that shall not be exceeded EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Limitation of public exposure from facilities 6 EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria Facility Quota,  Sv per year Total (all discharges) Airborne (gaseous) discharge (for all pathways) Liquid discharge (for critical pathway of water use) Uranium mines, hydrometallurgy plants for milling of uranium ores Radiochemical plants NPPs, other facilities which use nuclear reactor(s). RAW processing facilities RAW disposal facilities Other facilities. Reference facility

Limitation of public exposure from facilities (example) 7 Total exposure from each of 4 Ukrainian NPPs Quota of DL E = 80 µSv per year the value of the effective dose to critical group from NPP discharges that shall not be exceeded airborne (gaseous) discharge 40 µSv liquid discharge 40 µSv (dose from the critical path of water use should not exceed 10 µSv) If corresponded DL E quota is not exceeded, airborne (or liquid) discharge is authorized EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Establishment of Permissible Levels of Discharges 8 EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria There is only one document for establishment of permissible levels of discharges: The Procedure of an Establishment of Permissible Levels of Air and Liquid Discharges of Ukrainian NPP (Radiation-hygienic Rules of Group I) (Methodical Guidance), 2002 Methodical Guidance covers only operating NPPs. Other enterprises use it as ‘example’

Establishment of Permissible Levels of Discharges 9 EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria Methodical Guidance uses: Gaussian model for atmospheric dispersionGaussian model for atmospheric dispersion ECOSYS model for food chainsECOSYS model for food chains ICRP dosimetric models (dose coefficients)ICRP dosimetric models (dose coefficients) Methodical Guidance uses site specific data: stack heightstack height radius of sanitary protective arearadius of sanitary protective area meteorological data (averaged for last 5 years):meteorological data (averaged for last 5 years): distribution of stability classes (A-F)distribution of stability classes (A-F) wind directions (8 or 16)wind directions (8 or 16) wind speed (up to 10 ranges)wind speed (up to 10 ranges) which form 3-dimensional matrix Methodical Guidance assumes uniform discharge (as permissible discharge) during 30 years of NPP operating

Regulation of the airborne discharge of NPPs 10 E AD is the DL E quota for the airborne discharge (40 µSv) Е i is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of population from the unit airborne discharge of the radionuclide i Limit of Airborne Discharge (LAD) LAD are calculated for: LAD are calculated for: 3 H, 51 Cr, 54 Mn, 59 Fe, 58 Co, 60 Co, 89 Sr, 90 Sr, 95 Zr, 95 Nb, 110m Ag, 134 Cs, 137 Cs (monthly control); 3 H, 51 Cr, 54 Mn, 59 Fe, 58 Co, 60 Co, 89 Sr, 90 Sr, 95 Zr, 95 Nb, 110m Ag, 134 Cs, 137 Cs (monthly control); iodine, noble gases, and long lived radionuclides (daily control)iodine, noble gases, and long lived radionuclides (daily control) EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Control of the airborne discharge of NPPs 11 AD i is an actual daily airborne discharge of radionuclide i AD j is an averaged (for a calendar month) daily airborne discharge of radionuclide j daily control monthly control If the set of inequalities is satisfied the airborne discharge is authorised EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Regulation of the liquid discharge of NPPs 12 E LD is the DL E quota for the critical path of water use for the liquid discharge (10 µSv) Е i,j is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of population from the unit liquid discharge of the radionuclide i, which is formed by the path of water use j j is one of the following paths of water use: drinking water supply, fishing, irrigated cropping, cattle watering, recreation Limit of Liquid Discharge (LLD) LLD are calculated for: LLD are calculated for: 3 H, 51 Cr, 54 Mn, 59 Fe, 58 Co, 60 Co, 65 Zn, 89 Sr, 90 Sr, 95 Zr, 95 Nb, 110m Ag, 131 I, 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 144 Ce 3 H, 51 Cr, 54 Mn, 59 Fe, 58 Co, 60 Co, 65 Zn, 89 Sr, 90 Sr, 95 Zr, 95 Nb, 110m Ag, 131 I, 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 144 Ce EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Control of the liquid discharge of NPPs 13 LD i is an actual annual liquid discharge of radionuclide i annual control If the inequality is satisfied the liquid discharge is authorised EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria

Regulation of discharge of other facilities 14 EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria Chornobyl NPP: Chornobyl NPP: airborne discharge 60 Co, 90 Sr, 137 Cs, 238 Pu, Pu, 241 Pu, 241 Am (monthly control)airborne discharge 60 Co, 90 Sr, 137 Cs, 238 Pu, Pu, 241 Pu, 241 Am (monthly control) liquid discharge 90 Sr, 137 Cs,  emitters (annual control)liquid discharge 90 Sr, 137 Cs,  emitters (annual control) The state owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex”: The state owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex”: airborne discharge uranium radionuclides ( 234 U, 235 U, 238 U),  emitters (annual control)airborne discharge uranium radionuclides ( 234 U, 235 U, 238 U),  emitters (annual control) Methodical Guidance for operating NPPs is applied

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