Fly-bys “L-Shaped” flight path provides 360º perspective with one pass “L-Shaped” flight path provides 360º perspective with one pass Altitude 500 to 1,500׳ AGL Altitude 500 to 1,500׳ AGL Use zoom lens for both close up and perspective Use zoom lens for both close up and perspective mm good all purpose mm good all purpose Skylight filter of 1A or 1B Skylight filter of 1A or 1B Film ≤100 ASA Film ≤100 ASA Digital ≥ 3.2 megapixels Digital ≥ 3.2 megapixels Higher is better Higher is better High shutter speed ≥ 1/250 th a second High shutter speed ≥ 1/250 th a second

Vertical Look-Down  Gain perspective  Identify avenues of approach  Reveals features that cannot be seen from ground (or even anticipated!)  Noon is best for reducing shadows but shadows at dusk and dawn reveal small unobtrusive details  Shadows may be more conspicuous than feature  Vents, door knobs, wires, etc.

Air Orientation  Address  Most precise but not always most conspicuous  Prominent Terrain Feature  Pick one that can be clearly identified and easily seen  Shift from a known point  What might be used?

Average sizes of known objects Average sizes of known objects Mental multiples Mental multiples Estimating Distance

Drive Bys  Will almost always require more than one pass and multiple observers/photographers are common  Ingenuity is often required  Time of best observation may not coincide with time of operation  Time of operation for “yard cars,” “sleep overs,” etc.  Take LOTS of photographs  Film ≥ 400 ASA  Digital ≥ 3.2 megapixels  Medium shutter speed ≥ 1/100 th a second

Ground Orientation  Don’t take the simple for granted  Street addresses, road intersections, cardinal directions, etc.  Prominent Terrain is even better  Can identify even in low light  Become familiar with urban conventions  Street signs for jurisdictions  Surge traffic and parking  Sensitive areas (schools, playgrounds, hangouts, etc.)  Behaviors of neighbors and community

High traffic times High traffic times Inconspicuous opportunities from vantage points Inconspicuous opportunities from vantage points Behavior blending Behavior blending Walking, jogging, bicycling, etc. Walking, jogging, bicycling, etc. At or near noon has smallest and faintest shadows At or near noon has smallest and faintest shadows Dusk often allows unobtrusive “peeks” Dusk often allows unobtrusive “peeks” Exploit opportunities

Building conventions and codes are precise and reliable Building conventions and codes are precise and reliable Once one item is “measured” it can be used to estimate others Once one item is “measured” it can be used to estimate others Calipers or compass can be used to estimate more accurately Calipers or compass can be used to estimate more accurately Rulers can provide scale, especially architectural ruler Rulers can provide scale, especially architectural ruler Estimating Dimensions

Subtle Details Many seemingly trivial details can be used to extrapolate valuable intelligence Many seemingly trivial details can be used to extrapolate valuable intelligence License plates License plates Gas meters Gas meters Electrical meters Electrical meters Mail boxes Mail boxes Cameras under eaves Cameras under eaves Door mats Door mats Toys Toys Dog houses Dog houses

Many Suspects go to great lengths to: Many Suspects go to great lengths to: Fortify their locations Fortify their locations Hide their contraband Hide their contraband Detect intruders Detect intruders Create escape routes Create escape routes Anomalies Be suspicious! Be suspicious! Windows not in the center of a wall Windows not in the center of a wall Squeaky floors & different floor coverings Squeaky floors & different floor coverings Out of place furniture Out of place furniture Dead grass and faint pathways Dead grass and faint pathways

Works from the inside out! Works from the inside out! Furniture also comes in standard sizes Furniture also comes in standard sizes Sizes available from any retail catalog Sizes available from any retail catalog Memorize furniture and placement then draw walls around them Memorize furniture and placement then draw walls around them Each dwelling in an apartment, hotel, motel, etc. will have same size rooms and nearly identical floor plans (including reverse floor plans) Each dwelling in an apartment, hotel, motel, etc. will have same size rooms and nearly identical floor plans (including reverse floor plans) Reverse Diagramming

Used to supplement, not replace, conventional diagramming procedures Used to supplement, not replace, conventional diagramming procedures Reverse Diagramming Use all available sources and information. Use all available sources and information. All diagramming principles apply All diagramming principles apply Work from confidence to ambiguity Work from confidence to ambiguity